phosphate

The body produces fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) to maintain normal phosphate levels when hyperphosphatemia occurs. Production of FGF-23 indirectly causes hypocalcemia. Phosphate and calcium disturbances also occur in chronic kidney disease (CKD), therefore this adaptation mechanism applies. This situation; however, only manifests in the early stages of CKD; if the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is less than 30% of normal. This adaptation is no longer adequate and levels of calcium-phosphate (Ca×P) products and FGF-23 still rise.

In this study, the correlation between both the serum levels of FGF-23 and Ca×P products in CKD was analyzed.

A cross-sectional study including 78 subjects with CKD stages 3 to 5 dialysis was conducted. Serum FGF-23 levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and Ca×P product levels were calculated using the formula calcium (mg/ dL) × phosphate (mg/dL). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman’s test were conducted in the statistical study. If the P value is less than 0.05, the statistical findings are significant.

Serum FGF-23 levels and Ca×P product levels were shown to be significantly correlated. This analysis of the two correlations was independent of age and diabetes mellitus (DM). Based on stages of CKD, serum FGF-23 levels and Ca×P product levels were discovered to be significantly correlated only at stage 5 of non-dialysis.

Increasing serum FGF-23 levels were correlated with increased Ca×P product levels, particularly in CKD stage 5 non-dialysis subjects. This correlation was independent of age and DM.

Due to the lack of available data, the aim of the current study includes the protective effect of a nano-emulsion containing Nigella Sativa (NS) and Propolis extract (comparing the macroscale and nanoscale form) on the mineral content of enamel after tooth brushing.

Methods and materials:

 In this experimental study, 6 human premolars were sectioned buccolingually and the specimens were randomly divided into four groups treated with either bulk or nanoparticles of propolis, nano-emulsion, and none (as control). The treatment procedure was seven consecutive days while the specimens were etched and brushed every day. The Ca and P content of the enamel surface were quantified by EDX/SEM while the surface roughness was recorded by profilometer. Moreover, the SEM micrographs of the specimens were captured. In the end, analyzing the data was done using One Way ANOVA, LSD post Hoc (=0.05).

The Ca and P content of the groups had significant differences with each other (P= 0.000 and 0.000). On the other hand, the surface roughness of the experimental groups had no significant difference with each other (0.27).

The beneficial effect of both NS+Propolis as a barrier on tooth surface was confirmed. However, their effect on the mineral content of enamel is still questionable.

Early diagnosis of Parkinson›s disease can play an important role in improving its prognosis. Due to controversies about the serum level of corticosterone and phosphate in parkinsonian rats, this study was designed to measure and evaluate the levels of corticosterone and phosphate as possible biomarkers of early diagnosis in rats with 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonism.

Forty rats were divided into three groups: control (n = 10), sham (n = 10), and 6-OHDA (n = 20). The rats in the 6-OHDA and sham groups underwent stereotaxic surgery to be injected with 6-OHDA and its carrier into their medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Apomorphine-induced rotational and cylinder tests were done to examine parkinsonism progression and sensory-motor function. Corticosterone and phosphate serum levels were measured in the serum and striatum.

Net contralateral rotations and asymmetry scores in the fourth, sixth, and eighth weeks after surgery compared with the second week showed a gradual increase in the 6-OHDA group. The serum levels of corticosterone were 90 ± 13 before surgery, and they declined to 88 ± 36 and 55 ± 9 ng/L in the second and eighth weeks after surgery, respectively. The serum levels of phosphate were 6 ± 0.22 before surgery, and they decreased to 5.2 ± 0.13 and 5 ± 0.12 mg/dl in the second and eighth weeks after surgery, respectively. The serum levels of phosphate and corticosterone remained relatively unchanged in the sham and control groups.

In conclusion, the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons is accompanied by decreased serum corticosterone and phosphate levels. Thus, the serum level of corticosterone can be used as a biomarker in diagnosing Parkinson’s disease. In contrast, serum phosphate levels were still within the normal range and cannot be used as a biomarker.

In this article published in Cell J, Vol 17, No 1, 2015, on pages 159-162, the authors found that the affiliation of secondauthor in address 2 was missed during the formatting of the paper. Therefore, we corrected it.The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience.

Whether the endocrine aberrations caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) might influence bone density in women of reproductive age is controversial.

The present study aimed to compare PCOS women to a control group matched in terms of age and body mass index (BMI) regarding bone indices and to clarify the potential relationship between their hormonal changes and bone density.

This case-control study consisted of 61 PCOS patients, and 35 women with normal ovulatory function served as controls. Bone parameters, including bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in addition to T- and Z-scores, were measured at the lumbar vertebrae, neck of the left femur, hip, and distal part of the radial bone, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were taken to be tested for biochemical parameters and serum concentrations of insulin, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estradiol were measured. Insulin resistance was evaluated through the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

The results revealed greater levels of HOMA-IR and total testosterone in PCOS women than in controls. Nevertheless, the two groups were comparable in terms of bone parameters. In the control group, BMI was the only determinant of bone density at most of the skeletal sites. Nonetheless, BMI and HOMA-IR were independently and positively associated with bone indices at the femoral neck (FN) and total hip in the PCOS group. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D concentrations were not different in the two groups. However, phosphate levels were higher in PCOS patients (P = 0.025). Osteocalcin was inversely correlated to BMI, and both groups had a negative correlation betweenDHEASand PTH. Serum phosphate was inversely and independently associated with estrogen in the PCOS group (r = -0.377, P = 0.004).

Body mass index and HOMA-IR were independent and positive determinants of FN and total hip bone density in the PCOS subjects. Nonetheless, in the non-PCOS women, BMI was the only independent determinant of bone density at most of the skeletal sites. Additionally, osteocalcin was inversely correlated with BMI in both groups.

Limited fluid and electrolyte intake are part of standard diet of patients with renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). However, non-adherence is common and may be explained by patients’ insufficient nutritional knowledge. Therefore, we investigated the influence of a dietary counseling on MHD patients’ knowledge about nutrients and their subsequent consumed diet, with particular attention to the intake of phosphates and the phosphorus to protein intake ratio(i.e., the phosphorus content per gram of dietary protein intake per day). Forty-five MHD patients participated in this experimental study. At baseline, participants were interviewed by a dietician to assess their dietary habits and knowledge about nutrients and health-related consequences of electrolyte imbalances. In addition, they completed a nutrient intake diary during three consecutive days. Subsequently, individual dietary counseling, by means of personal advice was reinforced with the use of printed tables addressing the composition of food products and the phosphorus to protein intake ratio. Dietary counseling was repeated at three, six and nine months of follow-up. The interview with the dietician was repeated after one year. Forty-five MHD patients completed the study. Their knowledge about nutrients and their dietary habits and food preparation mode improved significantly after the counseling program. Especially, caloric intake and dietary composition became more adequate and balanced, respectively. Moreover, the phosphorus to protein intake ratio improved, as well as patients’ intake of phosphate binders. This study showed that nutritional counseling improved MHD patients’ knowledge about nutrients and subsequently diet composition and phosphate intake.

Highly-concentrated phosphate and nitrate anions from sugarcane wastewater are often discharged into public waters without standardized treatments. This study assessed the effects of electrical coagulation, initial pH and reaction time in the removal of phosphate and nitrate pollutants.

We used aluminum electrodes to remove the pollutants at Hakhim Farabi Agricultural and Industrial complex, Khuzestan Province, Iran. A septic tank was used for collecting water samples followed by measuring the pH, and the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate in the samples. The pH was set at 5, 7, 9 or 11. Six aluminum electrodes were placed perpendicular to the water flow and were connected to power in a single-polar method. They were used to assess the effects of pH changes, electrical power at 10 and 30 volts and the water retention time at 15, 30, 45 or 60 min. on the efficiency of the pollutants’ removal. 

The results indicated that under equal retention time and varying pH values, as voltage increased from 10 to 30, the phosphate and nitrate removal increased progressively. It was further demonstrated that the maximum phosphate removal efficiency was achieved at pH7, while it declined at higher pH levels. The highest possible nitrate removal efficiency was achieved under alkaline pH levels. The overall results showed that at every pH and voltage, the percentage of phosphate and nitrate removal increased over time.

This study demonstrated that electro-coagulation process is an appropriate and efficient method to remove phosphate and nitrate pollutants from sugarcane wastewaters.

Standard treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets (HR) is oral phosphate tablets plus vitamin D. Due to the rapid absorption of phosphate tablets, frequent daily doses are necessary, which is cumbersome and may cause fluctuations in plasma phosphate and risk of secondary hyperparathyroidism. It was hypothesized that phosphate from milk or cheese is less rapidly absorbed, and reduces fluctuations in plasma phosphate.

The current randomized, multiple crossover study aimed at investigating if an equivalent phosphate dose given as milk or cheese is comparable to phosphate tablets in patients with HR.

Seven females with HR were included. They went through three different four-day treatment sessions of either oral phosphate tablets consisting of 800 mg elemental phosphorus divided into five doses over the day or an equivalent phosphorus dose ingested as skimmed milk or cheese divided over five daily doses. Blood and urine samples were taken from patients after each treatment session. Except the usual doses of vitamin D, no phosphate or calcium-modifying treatments were allowed. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed models.

Treatment feasibility was independent of the phosphorus source. The study demonstrated reduced plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), reduced fluctuations in plasma phosphate and plasma PTH, and reduced renal phosphate excretion when ingesting phosphorus supplementation as milk compared to phosphate tablets. The same trend was observed when administering phosphorus as cheese, though not statistically significant.

Phosphorus supplements can be administered as phosphate tablets, milk or cheese when given in equimolar doses. The current study findings indicated that milk may be superior to phosphate tablets as the phosphate source in patients with HR.

Aquaculture wastewater contains high levels of phosphate and nitrate. The reuse of this water requires standards beyond the secondary standards to eliminate more organic pollutants from aquaculture effluents. In this research, the removal of these pollutants from wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the reactor space was investigated.
This study was conducted on fish farms effluent in the laboratory system. For this purpose, a 5-L semi-industrial reactor with a mixer blade, porous plate, and a compressor was designed. Chlorella vulgaris samples were collected from the natural environment and cultured in the laboratory environment. Also, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared from Iranian Nano Pishgaman Company to make the desired solution. During the experiment (3 weeks), samples were taken weekly (in one phase) from the effluent. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, nitrate (NO3), and phosphate (PO4) factors from the influent and effluent of the farms were measured. The statistical data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and Excel 2013.
The amounts of nitrate and phosphate were decreased by about 80.76 and 80.55% in the biological reactor, whereas these amounts were 70.52 and 70.48% in the nanoparticle reactor, respectively. Also, there were significant differences in the amounts of NO3 and PO4 between the control treatment and weekly treatment (P < 0.05).
Based on the results, both reactors were able to reduce nitrate and phosphate from aquaculture wastewater, but the efficiency of the biological reactor was higher than that of the nanoparticle reactor.

Constructed wetlands are systems designed based on the utilization of natural processes, including vegetation, soil, and their associated microbial assemblage to assist in treating different types of wastewater. Two local Appalachian plants (Louis latifolia and Phragmites australis) were planted into smallscale constructed wetlands to treat domestic wastewater in the North of Iran. Te influent wastewater and the efuent from each wetland were sampled daily for 120 days. Experiments were conducted based on the mean ± standard deviation (SD) by analysis of variance (ANOVA). It was found that nitrate, phosphate, fecal and total coliforms were reduced by 84.4%, 94.4%, 96.3%, 93.9% for P. australis and 73.3%, 64.0%, 94.4%, 92.1% for L. latifolia, respectively. According to the results, by using the HF-CW technology with L. latifolia and P. australis plants, the treated wastewater fully meets the wastewater discharge parameters of WHO standards.

Controlling malnutrition in hemodialysis (HD) patients is of great concern. On the other hand, managing serum electrolytes including calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium at the same time is critical to improve patients’ survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of whey protein supplementation on serum electrolytes in HD patients.

Ninety two 17 to 65 years old HD patients were randomly assigned to four groups of (i) receiving whey beverage fortified with vitamin E, (ii) receiving whey beverage, (iii) receiving vitamin E, and (iv) as the control group receiving no intervention (for 8 weeks). At the beginning and at the end of the study phase, serum electrolytes including serum calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium were measured using the automated techniques.

After comparing all groups, it was demonstrated that there were significant decreases in serum phosphorus in group 1 and group 2, that both were significantly different from the control group. On the other hand, in group 3, serum potassium reduced after intervention, which was significantly different form the control group. Serum sodium significantly decreased in group 2 in comparison to control group.

Whey beverage fortified with vitamin E did not disturb HD patients’ serum electrolytes and helped HD patients to improve and control serum electrolytes. This warrants more investigations to find the exact mechanisms of the effects of whey or vitamin E on serum electrolytes.

The increase in the amount of phosphate in aquatic environments disrupts the balance of the growth of aquatic organisms and causes serious environmental problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of phosphate ion using powdered activated carbon coated with magnetic iron nanoparticles.
For this purpose, the synthesis of nanoparticles was carried out through co-precipitation mechanism and the effects of various parameters including the amount of adsorbent dose, pH, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, and also the effect of interaction ions on adsorption performance were evaluated in a batch system. Then, the study of Kinetics and isotherms was performed on the obtained data. To determine the characteristics of the produced nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used.
The results showed that the maximum adsorption (100%) happened in pH=4 after 90 min of the contact between the solution and the adsorbent. experimental data also matched the Langmuir isotherm.
According to the results obtained, as an eco-friendly adsorbent, the powdered activated carbon sorbent coated with magnetic iron nanoparticles has a desirable capability in removal of phosphate.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial changes of groundwater phosphate concentrations using geostatistical methods based on data from 10 groundwater wells. One of the conventional tools in decision making on the groundwater management is geostatistical method. To evaluate the spatial changes of phosphate concentrations in groundwater, the universal kriging method with cross-validation was used for mapping and estimating groundwater phosphate concentrations in Eyvan Plain, Iran. Phosphate concentration followed a log-normal distribution and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (60%). The experimental variogram of groundwater phosphate concentration was best-fitted by a spherical model. Cross-validation errors were within an acceptable level. According to the spatial distribution map, phosphate pollution in the groundwater occurred mostly in the west of the plain because of the phosphate discharge from the industrial effluents.

Background & Aims of the Study: Detergent and phosphate are one of the main and vital threats (eutrophication phenomenon and production of synthetic foam) for the source of drinking water, agriculture and industrial uses in the Ahvaz, Iran that threaten human health. The aim of this study is evaluate to efficiency of the electrocoagulation (EC) process in the removal of detergent and phosphate from car wash effluent.
In this experimental study in a laboratory scale we used a glass tank with a volume of 2-4 liters (effective volume of 2 liters) containing 4 electrode-plate iron and aluminum (AL-AL, AL-Fe, Fe-Fe). Using a bipolar method to convert alternative electricity to direct current, electrodes were connected to a power supply. Daily samples were collected from different car wash sewage. Initial PHs of samples was from 7 to 9. At first, different tests were performed on primary samples. Reaction times were set for 90, 60, 30 minutes with middle intervals of 2 cm.
According to result this study, percentage of phosphate removal in the EC with Al-Fe electrode with an optimum pH = 7 have been from 34 % phosphate removal (in the 10 Volt) to 78% phosphate removal (in the 30 Volt). Percentage of detergent removal in the EC with AL electrode with an optimum pH = 7 have been from 68 % detergent removal (in the 10 Volt) to 94% detergent removal (in the 30 Volt).
Altogether it was found that this method can be used as a confident and convenient method for treating car wash effluent and according to the highest removal efficiency of the process, effluent can be discharged safely into the environment.

Periodontitis is a multi-factorial disease related to the formation of dental plaque. Saliva composition plays a role in plaque formation and in the development of periodontal disease..
This study was designed to compare the salivary concentrations of calcium and phosphate between patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy individuals and to assess the effect of smoking status in this regard..
Patients and This case control study was conducted on 50 healthy subjects and 56 patients with CP. The two groups were matched in terms of age, sex, and smoking status. After obtaining written informed consents from the subjects, periodontal parameters such as calculus index (CI), plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) as well as body mass index (BMI) were calculated and recorded. Non-stimulated saliva was collected by the spitting method, and the concentration of calcium and phosphate was measured by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using independent t-test. Pearson correlation was utilized to correlate the periodontal parameters with the salivary concentrations of calcium and phosphate in the CP group. Confidence interval and P value were set to 95% and ≤ 0.05, respectively..
The mean concentration of phosphate in the saliva of CP patients was significantly higher than that in healthy individuals (P = 0.008). No significant difference was found between the two groups in the mean concentration of calcium in the saliva (P = 0.145). The mean concentrations of calcium and phosphate were not significantly different between non-smoker CP patients and healthy subjects. However, the concentrations of calcium and phosphate in the saliva of smoker CP patients were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than the corresponding values in the healthy smoker group (P = 0.016 and P = 0.037, respectively). In subjects with BMI Cigarette smoking and BMI are two main confounding factors affecting the correlation of calcium and phosphate concentrations in the saliva and periodontal status..