physical health

Employee health is a critical predictor of organizational productivity. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of reverse mentoring and job crafting on mental and physical health, with engagement playing a mediating role.

This research employed a descriptive survey design with an applied focus, conducted cross-sectionally using survey methods for data collection. The statistical population consisted of 330 employees from the Amirkabir Kashan Steel Company. A sample size of 180 was determined using Cochran’s formula, and a simple random sampling method was utilized. Data were collected via a standardized questionnaire comprising 63 questions. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed through convergent and divergent validity tests, and its reliability was supported by Cronbach’s alpha, which exceeded 0.7 for all variables. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (SPSS) and inferential statistics (PLS).

The findings confirmed all hypotheses and demonstrated the appropriate fit of the research model. Results revealed significant impacts of reverse mentoring on mental health (β = -0.482, t = 5.899) and physical health (β = 3.460, t = 4.430), as well as job crafting on mental health (β = -0.545, t = 6.193) and physical health (β = -0.756, t = 8.979) among employees and managers of the Amirkabir Kashan Steel Company. Moreover, engagement was found to mediate the effects of reverse mentoring on mental health (β = -0.510, t = 5.948) and physical health (β = -0.242, t = 3.799). Engagement also mediated the effects of job crafting on mental health (β = -0.345, t = 4.186) and physical health (β = -0.405, t = 4.751).

The results indicate that by implementing reverse mentoring and job crafting methods, managers can effectively control engagement levels, thereby maintaining organizational productivity and improving the health and well-being of employees.

The soul and body of a person are one of the noblest subjects that require a person to study and reflect on. In this regard, the Holy Qur'an and Atrat, in addition to their basic purpose, which is to guide humanity to salvation, have also explained the issues essential for improving the quality of worldly life. Undoubtedly, the physical health of individuals and human societies is one of the most important concerns of contemporary wise people. In this research, different aspects of physical health are discussed. The objective of this study was to examine the components of physical health from the perspective of the Qur'an and hadiths.

 This study was an applied research carried out in two stages. The first stage was a descriptive and analytical qualitative study. The triangulation method was used to extract and compile the materials, that is, the study was done by referring to the foundations of the Qur'an and the narrations of the innocents (PBUH) as well as using the related research and theoretical foundations. In the second stage the content analysis method was used to check the frequency and importance of physical health components in the Quran. The content of the research project was examined from the point of view of the respondent (the text of the Holy Quran) and nineteen main components in the area of physical health.

Data analysis showed the absolute frequencies (A.F.) of the components of physical health from the perspective of the Qur'an to be as follows: (A). Components with an A.F. of 1: 1. Commanding people to look at foods; 2. Consumption of  honey as a health promoting food; (B). Components with an A.F. of 2: 1. using animal skin to cover human body parts; 2. Abulition (ghosl), ablution before prayer (vozoo), abulition with earth or sand (tayammom); (C). Components with an A.F. of 3: 1. placing animals in a special place; 2. being halal the consumption of aquatic animals and plants (sea foods); (D). Components with an A.F. of 4: 1. prohibition (being haram) of  eating the meat of dead animals; 2. eating decayed bodies of dead animals; 3. the prohibition of eating pork;   4. the prohibition of drinking blood; 5. allowing the milk of domestic animals for feeding; 6. prohibition of wine; 7. breastmilk to feed infants; (E). Components with an A.F. of 5: wearing clothes to cover the human body; (F). Components with an A.F. of 9: eating clean and halal foods; (G). Components with an A.F. of 13: 1. sending water for drinking and quenching people; 2. fasting; (H). Components with an A.F. of 14: being halal (allowed to be eaten) and permissible the consumption of the meat of halal domestic animals; (I). Components with an A.F. of 47 (the highest A.F.): growing all kinds of fruits and plants for feeding.                                     

The findings of this study show that among the components of physical health from the perspective of the Qur'an, the highest and the lowest coefficients of importance were growing all kinds of fruits and plants for feeding (0/055) and consumption of honey as a health promoting food (0/034), respectively.

Today, spiritual health is one of the most important topics in therapy. Generous living as a way of life to replace the styles arising from materialistic thinking is rooted in the teachings of Islam. This research seeks to discuss the connection between generous living and spiritual health.

In this research, with the analytical-descriptive method and library tools, it has been tried to discuss the components of the generous life and to talk about its applications in spiritual health. The data collection in this research was a questionnaire to measure demographic variables, a questionnaire to measure spiritual attitude, and a questionnaire to measure satisfaction with life, as well as to measure demographic variables. Independent t-test and regression analysis were used for data analysis in this research.

Research on religious foundations and sources shows that principles such as human dignity, privacy, and respect to privacy as the fundamental components of a generous life can have much affection in the aspect of spiritual health and it will guarantee spiritual health.

This research has reached these results that with the application of benevolent biology in the fields of medical research, surgery, interaction with the patient, and prescribing medicine, the ground is provided for the realization of spiritual health and its protection. On the other hand, paying attention to spiritual health in the treatment process can facilitate the treatment that focuses on the physical dimension.

Acquainting with Iranian sages’ and thinkers’ opinions by correct reading their works, can not only be effective in improving our insight, deep thinking and personal identity acceptance as Iranian Muslims, but also it is very helpful in formulating and designing policies and macro-planning in accordance with our local, national and religious characteristics in various fields. Since achieving and promoting the health of man and society is one of the most important human goals throughout history, this article seeks to examine the approach of one of the greatest Iranian sages, Sheikh Ajl Saadi, regarding the mental and physical health, as well as the importance and connection between them.

This research has been written by collecting data in a document-library method based on Saadi's Golestan. Ethical Consideration:

During this research process, while referring to the mentioned context, not only has it been tried that the principle of fidelity and loyalty as well as originality of resources to be taken in account, but it also has been tried to avoid bias in referring to the texts or analyzes.

The present article has extracted narratives related to mental and physical health in Saadi's Golestan after the definition of health and has found 31 anecdotes related to this topic. In the area of physical health, these stories are related to the two issues of overeating and maintaining the moderation of human nature and in the area of mental health, to the two issues of mental health (worship, self-respect, trust, avoiding sin and thinking about God's blessings, consultation, gratitude for blessings and the afterlife) and the mental health of others (respecting others, generosity, benevolence, good-naturedness, forgiveness, prudence, modesty and covering up faults).

This research not only shows the link between physical and mental health from Saadi's point of view; rather, on the one hand, he believes in the superiority of mental health over physical health and on the other hand, he believes that improvement of the individual's mental health depends on the mental health of the society.

The changes made during old age sometimes lead to severe physical and mental deficiencies and to disability and reduced ability to deal with difficulties and common events. Psychological and physical disorders in the elderly are high due to various social exclusions, low quality of life, cognitive disorders, physical disability and physical disorders. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the lived perception of the elderly about physical health: a phenomenological study.

The method of the present study is qualitative, phenomenological. The study population is all elderly people of Khorram Abad city in 2019. The sampling method is "targeted". In order to collect data, "in-depth individual interview" was used. Data coding, recorded interviews, implementation, classification, clustering and organization were used in this study. Then, using the method of thematic analysis, the data collected based on the questions and objectives of the research, were categorized and interpreted in relation to each other, and based on that, they were divided into main and secondary contents related to the physical and mental health of the elderly. It was found.

In the data analysis and presentation of the findings, it was observed that the physical health of the elderly based on their perception, two main dimensions were extracted: physical physical, functional physical. These dimensions were extracted from seventeen main themes, which were identified for the physical component of "self-care ability, not having a chronic disease, and meeting nutritional and medical needs". In the functional physical component, these themes are "having stable relationships with others and having free time".

The results show that paying attention to the social interactions of the elderly plays an important role in their physical health, because by creating platforms for their social participation, it increases their physical strength, as well as their sense of effectiveness, usefulness and, as a result, satisfaction with their lives. strengthens

INTRODUCTION  :

Human resources are a critical asset for any organization's success. In today's knowledge-based economy, capable human resources are even more essential (22). The quality of human resources is influenced by both workplace conditions and individual employee characteristics. According to Nguyen (27), organizations can achieve sustainable development through efficient human resource management.In today's knowledge-based economy, organizations prioritize their employees. Active employee engagement not only enhances customer satisfaction but also significantly contributes to achieving organizational goals (24). Healthy and motivated employees are crucial to organizational success. To thrive, organizations must prioritize employee health in addition to knowledge, commitment, and skills (26). Healthy employees with high morale effectively communicate and actively participate in achieving organizational objectives.Healthy employees, both physically and mentally, contribute significantly to achieving goals such as attracting more customers, increasing profitability, and enhancing brand reputation (20). Additionally, physical and mental well-being reduces employee absenteeism and improves work quality. A strong sense of belonging, fostered by physical and mental health, leads to employees feeling connected to the company's successes and failures (17). Consequently, loyal employees invest significant time and energy in achieving organizational goals, contributing to a competitiveadvantage.Accountants are key employees who can significantly contribute to achieving organizational goals. This includes reducing costs, gaining a competitive advantage, and managing risk. Therefore, the physical and mental well-being of employees, particularly accountants, is a critical concern for organizations. This study aims to investigate the impact of accountants' physical and mental health on organizational success.

This research is a practical, descriptive-exploratory correlational study. The study population consisted of accountants working in manufacturing companies. Due to the difficulty and cost of accessing the entire population, a convenience sample of 218 questionnaires was collected. Of these, 209 were usable, resulting in a return rate of 54.4%, which is considered acceptable (4). Simple random sampling was employed, and data was collected during the fourth quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023.
The literature review was conducted using library research methods. The literature review informed the development of the research questions for the physical health, mental health, and organizational success constructs, drawing upon the work of Goldberg & Hillier (10), Keyes et al. (16), and Huff et al. (13), respectively.Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were extracted using SPSS, while inferential statistics were conducted using AMOS

According to the research findings, 69.4% of the respondents were male, and 30.6% were female. The majority of respondents were aged 30-40 (43.5%). Most respondents held a master's degree (59.8%), and their work experience ranged from 5 to 10 years (24.9%).Before hypothesis testing, the normality of the data was assessed. Given the sample size of 209 cases, the central limit theorem suggests that the data can be assumed to be normally distributed. The study included seven variables: physical activity or sports (S), social health (SH), organizational success (OS), psychological health (PH), emotional well-being (EH), physical work environment conditions (WP), and nutrition (N).This study used two indices—composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE)—to assess instrument reliability. Two additional indices—convergent validity and discriminant validity—were employed to measure instrument validity (Table 1).According to Table 4, all six main hypotheses were confirmed at the 99% confidence level, as their critical ratios exceeded 2.58. This indicates that a one-unit increase in the variables of sports, nutrition, physical work environment conditions, emotional well-being, psychological health, and social health, respectively, leads to a 0.254, 0.173, 0.126, 0.213, 0.174, and 0.175 unit increase in organizational success. Based on the standardized coefficients, physical activity had the strongest influence, while psychological health had the weakest. Given the sedentary nature of accounting work, this finding seems reasonable.

In addition to possessing technical knowledge and professional ethics, accountants must maintain sufficient physical and mental health to deliver quality professional services. This study demonstrates that the physical and mental health of accountants plays a significant role in enhancing their performance and, subsequently, organizational success.To assess the physical health of accountants, this research utilized three constructs: physical activity, nutrition, and physical work environment conditions.Physical activity can significantly boost employee vitality by positively impacting various bodily systems. A healthy diet can enhance employee efficiency and productivity by improving physical health. The physical work environment has a substantial impact on employee performance, and proper design and equipment can contribute to their physical well-being.Psychological health encompasses healthy thinking and the ability to adapt to one's environment and social interactions. It plays a significant role in achieving organizational goals by reducing material and emotional costs. For accountants, psychological health involves the capacity to withstand work pressure.This study employed three constructs to assess the psychological health of accountants: emotional well-being, psychological health, and social health. Emotional well-being represents a balance between positive and negative emotions. Increased positive emotions lead to greater employee motivation and engagement. Psychological health reflects inner well-being and self-efficacy, enabling employees to contribute more actively to the organization. Social health indicates an individual's level of social presence within the organization and society. This enhances employees' ability to play a more effective role in the organization.Accountants shoulder diverse and extensive responsibilities, making physical and psychological health crucial for timely and high-quality performance. Thinking is a core competency for accountants, demanding both physical and mental well-being. Given their constant engagement with tables, charts, and complex statistical data, accountants are prone to conditions like stress, sick building syndrome, and headaches. As valuable assets to their organizations, accountants require attention to their physical and psychological health.

 With the increase in the aged population, the physical and mental health of the elderly have become more important. Since resilience is an important concept in the mental health of the elderly, this study aims to predict the resilience of the elderly in Tehran, Iran, based on their religious orientation, mental toughness, physical health, and sleep disorders.

 This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 256 elderly people aged >60 years (Mean age: 66.42±4.37 years) selected by a simple random sampling method from those living in Kahrizak Nursing Home in Tehran, Iran. They completed the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, Clough et al.’s mental toughness questionnaire-48 items, physical health questionnaire, and Lynch’s sleep disturbance questionnaire to measure resilience, religious orientation, mental toughness, physical health, and sleep disorders. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS and SPSS software, version 23.

 Religious orientation (t=4.32, r=0.24, P<0.001), mental toughness (t=6.87, r=0.68, P<0.001), physical health (t=5.12, r=0.57, P<0.001) and sleep disorders (t=-5.18, r=-0.52, P<0.001) could significantly predict the resilience of the elderly in Tehran. 

 The resilience of the elderly in Tehran has a positive and significant relationship with their religious orientation, mental toughness, physical health, and sleep disorders. These components can predict the resilience of the elderly. Therefore, by controlling these components, the resilience of the elderly can be improved.

Considering the vital role of teachers in the educational system, it is important to gather information about their health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their relationship with retired teachers' quality of life, physical health, and mental health.

This cross-sectional research was conducted in the first half of 2022 in Hamadan city. The statistical sample consisted of 96 retired teachers aged 45-70 years, who were purposefully selected. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was evaluated using the standardized Nordic questionnaire, while the quality of life and physical and mental healthwere assessed using the 12-item short-form survey (SF-12) and the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS-29). The research data were analyzed using an independent t-test with a significance level of 0.05.

The findings revealed that among retired teachers in Hamadan city, 82.3% reported experiencing at least one MSD, with a prevalence rate of 86% for female teachers and 78.3% for male teachers. The prevalence of MSDs varied across different body areas, withthe most commonly affected areas being the knee (54%), lower back (50%), shoulder (29%), and neck (24%). Furthermore, the research results demonstrated a significant negative association between MSDs and the quality of life, as well as the physical and psychological health of retired teachers (p<0.05). Teachers suffering from MSDs reported higher levels of pain intensity, pain interference, sleep disturbance, and fatigue compared to those who were not affected by MSDs (p<0.05).

The findings of the present study indicate that retired teachers commonly experience MSDs, which can adversely affect their quality of life, as well as their physical and psychological health. These MSDs contribute to pain interference, sleep disturbance, and fatigue among this group of teachers.

Considering the growing number of elderly people, the prevalence of emotional and psychological problems among them, and the lack of specialized services for the elderly, attention to spirituality and faith in dealing with these conditions and adherence to religious teachings in relation to the care and support of the elderly can be effective in reducing these problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the teachings of Islam and recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the health of the elderly.

In this narrative review study, Persian and English articles were searched without time limit in international databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Google Scholar. English keywords including Islamic Health, Aging Population, Mental Health, and Elderly Health were used individually and combined and the corresponding Persian keywords in Persian information databases such as SID, Irandoc and Magiran. In the end, 23 articles were included in the study.

The teachings of Islam include recommendations on the role of the family in caring for the elderly, the duty of society towards the elderly, the duty of government towards the elderly, the education and empowerment of the elderly, and honoring and respecting the elderly in all aspects of the physical, mental, social and spiritual health of the elderly, which are also included in the WHO's guidelines on the care of the elderly.

What can be derived from the teachings of Islam is the emphasis on the dignity of the elderly in Islam and the attention to the material and spiritual needs of this group. It is suggested that, in accordance with the WHO's guidelines, consideration of the teachings of Islam in the form of the spiritual health dimension in the pillars of primary health care should be a priority in the health and treatment system of Islamic countries.