postpartum depression

Most new fathers experience a lot of stress when their newborn is admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). However, most studies have focused on the needs of mothers. The aim of this study is to compare postpartum depression, psychological distress, resilience, and psychological well-being in new fathers of infants admitted to the NICU and fathers of healthy infants.

This case-control study was conducted on 120 new fathers in two groups of 60 cases (admitted to the NICU) and 60 controls (with healthy newborns) referring to the NICU and specialized clinics of Shafizadeh and Ayatollah Rouhani Hospitals in Babol. Participants completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with a score range of (0-30), the Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scale (RSPWB-18) with a score range of (18-108), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with a score range of (0-100), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) with a score range of (0-72), and the results were reviewed and compared.

In the case group, the mean scores of postpartum depression (12.6±4.12 vs. 8.32±1.64) and psychological distress (54.55±10.48 vs. 44.45±7.03) were significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.001). Moreover, the scores of psychological well-being (80.66±10.18 vs. 86.73±5.80) and resilience (59.81±10.99 vs. 71.05±34.7) were significantly lower (p<0.001). The frequency of postpartum depression symptoms in Edinburgh questionnaire with cut-off point of EPDS≥10 in the group of fathers with infants admitted to the NICU was about 3.5 times that of fathers with healthy infants (46 vs. 12) (p<0.001). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that in new fathers with infants admitted to the NICU, the chance of developing depressive symptoms increases 5-fold (p=0.002, OR=5.217), which increases with age (p=0.046, OR=1.155), but decreases with the increase in resilience (p=0.001, OR=0.865).

The results of the study showed that the risk of depression in fathers with infants admitted to the NICU is 5 times higher than fathers with healthy infants. Therefore, timely identification and treatment of postpartum depression is recommended for new fathers with infants admitted to the NICU.

The postpartum period predisposes women to a variety of mental health problems, one of which is postpartum depression, a common and serious condition affecting 8% to 26% of women worldwide. It is also recognized as a major public health concern. One potential cause of postpartum depression is exposure to stressful events before birth. Evidence suggests that continuous maternal support during labor may help reduce the incidence of this condition. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the prevalence of postpartum depression between women who received continuous support during labor and those who did not in Bandar Abbas in 2016.

In this prospective, descriptive-analytical study, 220 postpartum women were divided into two groups: one receiving continuous support from a doula (including emotional, physical, and informational support) and the other receiving no doula support (routine care). Participants were observed and assessed at the maternity ward of Bandar Abbas Social Security Hospital from August 2016 to January 2017. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), administered eight weeks postpartum. The results were compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (version 20), employing the independent t-test, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, and two-way logistic regression.

There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of postpartum depression between the two groups (P<0.001). After adjusting for other variables, a significant association was found between postpartum depression and doula support (P< 0.001, OR= 0.17). The odds of developing postpartum depression were reduced by 83% among mothers who received doula support.

The findings of this study indicate that continuous doula support during labor significantly reduces the risk of postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression is a type of depression that can have significant negative effects on both mother and newborn. Therefore, it is important to investigate various factors that influence postpartum depression. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between fear of body image and postpartum depression and the moderating role of self-compassion.

This correlational study was conducted on mothers with newborns up to one year old in Tehran in 2024. One hundred and seventy mothers were selected as a sample using a convenience sampling method. Mothers completed demographic, postpartum depression, body image fear, and self-compassion questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and path analysis with SPSS version 27.

There was a significant positive correlation between fear of body image and postpartum depression (r=0.51, P<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and postpartum depression (r=-0.57, P<0.01) and between self-compassion and fear of body image (r=-0.56, P<0.01). Self-compassion did not have a moderating role in the relationship between fear of body image and postpartum depression (P=0.53).

Based on the findings, the factor of self-compassion can play an important role in reducing fear of body image and postpartum depression, but it does not have the necessary power to reduce the negative impact of fear of body image on postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression, a form of depression, is a relatively common but serious medical condition that occurs following the birth of a baby. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the carbohydrate diet and the occurrence of anxiety and postpartum depression symptoms in women participating in the initial phase of the Maternal and Child Health Cohort Study, Yazd, Iran.

This study was conducted on the data of 1028 pregnant women from the Yazd Maternal and Child Health Cohort Study. The study tools were food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and postpartum depression questionnaire. Data related to dietary intake at the beginning of the study were collected in the first visit after pregnancy diagnosis and data related to depression in the second month after delivery. Carbohydrate intake score was calculated for each person according to summing up assigned scores to deciles of percentages of energy from macronutrients. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of postpartum depression and anxiety across quartiles of low carbohydrate diet scores.

Based on the multivariable-adjusted model, there was no significant association between low carbohydrate diet score and odds of postpartum depression (P=0.08). However, multivariable-adjusted model significantly indicated an association between low carbohydrate diet score in second tertile and the odds of postpartum anxiety (P=0.02) (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15-0.86).

After adjusting the confounders, women in the second tertile of low carbohydrate diet score might have 64% lower chance of depression versus those in the first quartile. While low or high carbohydrate intake does not affect postpartum anxiety and depression, moderate carbohydrate intake might be anxiety protective.

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in different societies. Postpartum depression occurs in the first 4 weeks after childbirth. Touching and massaging the infant is part of the high interaction in the care model that improves the physical and psychological connection between mother and child. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate and determine the effect of infant massage by the mother on maternal depression.

The present semi-experimental study was conducted in 2017. The population of study consisted of 70 mothers with healthy infants, without addictions, without history of mental illnesses, who had mild to moderate depression, and were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups, the control group received routine care. A standard the Edinburgh Depression questionnaire was used before and after the intervention (4 weeks and 8 weeks after the intervention). In this study, field massage technique was used for intervention. The mother massaged the infant for 15 minutes every day for 8 weeks. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, repeated measures analysis, and chi-square test.

The data of 70 mothers were analyzed. The two groups had no statistically significant differences in the variables of age, occupation and literacy level of the mother, the number of living children and the sex of the infant. The average postpartum depression score in the experimental group was 10.57±1.59 before the intervention, 5.91±1.09 four weeks after the intervention, and 3.68±1.07 eight weeks after the intervention. The depression score in the control group was 10.60±1.40 before the intervention, 9.20±1.51 four weeks after the intervention, and 8.42±3.59 eight weeks after the intervention. In terms of the depression score before the intervention, no statistically significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups, but at four weeks and 8 weeks after the intervention, a statistically significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups.

Infant massage can be effective on mother's depression and is recommended as a low-risk, low-cost and time-saving method for mothers in the postpartum period.

Postpartum depression is a debilitating disease with negative consequences for affected mothers and their children which can be prevented and treated. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of aromatherapy with Polianthes tuberosa on postpartum depression.

This clinical trial study was conducted in 2018 on 154 high-risk women for postpartum depression in Karaj Kamali hospital. The study subjects were randomly divided into two groups: aroma therapy and control. In addition to receiving the usual care, the subjects in the intervention group received handmade cream with Polianthes tuberosa extract from the second day to 6 weeks after delivery 2 times a day with hand and face massage. In addition, the research tool (including demographic characteristics and the Edinburgh depression test) was filled in three different times (before, 2 and 6 weeks after delivery). The data analysis was done using the SPSS software (version 19) and independent t-test, analysis of variance with repeated measure and chi-square. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms demographic characteristics. The mean score of postpartum depression 2 and 6 weeks after labor in the intervention group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (P<0.001).

The aromatherapy with Polianthes tuberose relieves the symptoms of postpartum depression and is an alternative and safe herbal medicine that can be used in high-risk people.

Postpartum grief and depression is a common mental disorder. Many studies that have been conducted in the field of complementary and alternative treatments for mood disorders show that there is a greater acceptance of non-medicinal compounds. The aim of the present study is to review nutritional supplements in the prevention of postpartum depression and grief.

This review study, in order to find related studies, PubMed, Magiran, SID, Cochrane, SIS, PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar databases using the keywords prevention, prevention of depression, postpartum depression. , nutritional supplements, postpartum depression and its combination with AND and OR operators were searched in Persian and English languages from 1996 to 2021.

7 articles were included in this study. The results of the review of the articles showed that the use of food supplements such as aroma therapy with orange essential oil, orange spring capsule, evening primrose oil capsule, designed food supplement package, selenium supplement is effective in preventing depression and grief after childbirth, and regarding the effect of omega supplement 3- On depressed mood, the use of different protocols in the study method has led to different results in different studies.

The results of the reviewed articles in this study show that the use of food supplements in the prevention of postpartum depression and childbirth grief is moderately effective and promising, but there is still a basic need to create a food supplement with flexibility against period mood changes. There is after childbirth.

The postpartum period is a dangerous potential time for postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is the reducer instrument for postpartum support. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effectiveness of postpartum supports on the postnatal women depression after childbirth.

This study a semi experimental study was conducted in Marand hospital. Two hundred sixty mothers agreed to take part and were randomly allocated to an intervention group
(n = 130) or control group (n = 130). The intervention group received telephone counseling for 20- minute at the first week twice, second week till 6th weeks once at week plus routine care. The control group received only the routine care. Also for evaluation of the unanticipated mother’s needs, 24-hour telephone access to researcher was provided. The main outcome measure was recording demographics data sheet, postpartum problem’s checklist and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) administered by presence interview questionnaire at six weeks after delivery. Control group received general postpartum education. The data were analyzed by χ², Fisher test and T test.

At 6 week postpartum, mean of depression was obtained in the intervention group (15/80 ± 5/12) and in the control group (18/43 ± 5/90). On the EPDS scale, in the intervention group was significantly decrease to control group (P < 0.0001).

The result of this research showed that Postpartum Fallow Up by midwife could effective to decrease women’s postpartum depression in the pureperium.

Postpartum depression is a type of mood disorder that can affect pregnant women who have given birth and is affected by various factors, so the present study aims to predict postpartum depression based on marital satisfaction, satisfied body, and dysfunctional beliefs in women of Bukan City.

The present study is descriptive-correlational. The population consisted of all women with pregnancy in the last month in the first half of 2022 in the city of Bukan in the number of 2980 according to Morgan's table and with informed written consent, 340 pregnant women referring to Shahid Qolipur Hospital in Bukan were selected by available sampling method and filled in the questionnaire. Beck-2 depression, Edinburgh postpartum depression, Enrich's marital satisfaction, Body image satisfaction, and Weisman and Beck's dysfunctional beliefs responded. The analysis was done using a stepwise regression method.

Marital satisfaction, physical satisfaction, and dysfunctional beliefs have a significant ability to predict postpartum depression at P < 0.01 level. This effect is inverse in marital and physical satisfaction and positive in dysfunctional beliefs. Also, marital satisfaction, with an effect size of 0.324, physical satisfaction, with an effect size of 0.497, and ineffective beliefs, with an effect size of 0.652, explain the postpartum depression variable. Also, the prevalence of postpartum depression among women in Bukan City is 30.6%, which is higher than the average of the articles recorded in this field.

According to the results of the research, Marital satisfaction, physical satisfaction inversely, and dysfunctional beliefs directly and positively predict postpartum depression in pregnant women.

Adolescent pregnancy is one of the important challenges of reproductive health. Factors such as family conflict, poor social support, and low self-esteem among adolescent mothers can expose them to postpartum depression. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its relationship with birth experience among adolescent mothers.

The present study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 202 adolescent mothers referred to urban and suburban health centers in Tabriz, Iran. Sampling method was census and done in the period of 1 to 3 months after birth in 2022. After checking the eligibility criteria, childbirth experience questionnaire version 2.0 (CEQ 2.0) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were completed through interview. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and logistic regression test.

The mean (SD) of postpartum depression score was 7.5 (5.6) ranging from 0 to 30. The prevalence of postpartum depression and negative birth experience were approximately 23.8% and 11.4%, respectively. After adjusting the effect of possible confounding variables, there was no statistically significant relationship between the negative experience of birth and postpartum depression (p= 0.310). In mothers with unwanted pregnancy compared to mothers with wanted pregnancy, the probability of postpartum depression was 2.22 times higher [Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) = 2.22 (4.71 to 1.05); p= 0.037].

Although in this study, approximately one-fifth of adolescent mothers were exposed to postpartum depression; there was no significant relationship between the negative birth experience and postpartum depression. The results of this study can be used to identify high-risk mothers, especially mothers with unwanted pregnancies, referring them for counseling, and prevent postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression is common in women. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the prevalence and factors affecting symptoms of postpartum depression in 6 months before and after the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic.

This cross-sectional study compared symptoms of postpartum depression in 39724 women who gave birth 6 months before the COVID-19 pandemic and 6100 women who gave birth after the COVID-19 pandemic. The information related to the symptoms of postpartum depression was extracted from mental health screening records that are commonly used in health centers covered by the Ministry of Health. General information was obtained from the National Integrated Health System of the Ministry of Health and the data were analyzed in SPSS 22 software.

The prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms 6 months before and 6 months after the COVID-19 pandemic was 1.9% and 2.6%, respectively. Symptoms of Postpartum depression 6 months before the COVID-19 pandemic significantly was associated with age, body mass index, history of infant death, unwanted pregnancy, the number of births (P<0.05), while symptoms of postpartum depression 6 months after the COVID-19 significantly was associated with education, unwanted pregnancy, the number of births (P<0.05). Based on multiple logistic regression analysis, the COVID-19 pandemic increased symptoms of postpartum depression [(OR=1.49, 95% CI: (1.12– 1.83)].

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced postpartum depression. The findings from the current study might be helpful in postpartum depressive symptoms management in the future crises.