primary schools

Health-promoting behaviors encompass a range of behaviors that empower individuals to take charge of their health and other members of society. Considering that many high-risk behaviors are formed early in life, this study aimed to investigate health-promoting behaviors and the factors influencing them among sixth-grade elementary school students in Isfahan City, Iran, in 2023.

This cross-sectional study was conducted with participation of 201 boy and girl elementary school students selected through two-stage cluster random sampling. Health-promoting behaviors were assessed using a standard questionnaire, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP), and a demographic characteristics questionnaire also was used. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests with SPSS software.

The average score for health-promoting behaviors was 137.33 ± 18.97. The highest average score was observed in the self-actualization dimension, which was 31.89 ± 4.35, while the lowest average score was in the stress management dimension, at 12.98 ± 3.12. Overall, 5.5% of students were classified as having good health, 73.5% were at an average health level, and 22.7% were categorized as having undesirable health. A significant difference was found between girls and boys only in the dimension of self-actualization; no significant differences were observed in the other dimensions.

Considering that few students were in good health, it is necessary to develop a health promotion behavior training program for this age group to enhance their physical and mental health.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diseases with respiratory symptoms in gatherings such as schools have the potential to escalate into an epidemic. Given the absence of any approved specific treatment for these diseases, prevention remains the only viable approach. This study aimed to investigate the impact of messages rooted in the extended parallel process model (EPPM) on the perceptual dimensions and preventive behaviors related to COVID-19 among girl students in primary schools in Borkhar City, Iran, in 2021.

This randomized controlled educational trial was conducted on 300 elementary students in Borkhar City using a random sampling method. The data collection tool utilized was a researcher-made questionnaire. Students were divided into two intervention groups (intervention through posters and based on the EPPM for teaching prevention behaviors against infectious respiratory diseases such as COVID-19) and one control group.

In the first group of intervention (threat group), after the intervention, the mean scores of attitude (P = 0.030), behavior (P = 0.001), and intention (P = 0.007) variables showed a significant increase compared to before the intervention. In the second group (efficiency group), after the intervention, the mean scores of variables related to denying the authenticity or value of the message (P = 0.001), defensive avoidance (P = 0.027), self-efficacy (P = 0.017), and fear (P = 0.042) also showed a significant increase compared to before the intervention.

In general, posters containing information about threats based on the EPPM had a greater impact on perceptual dimensions and preventive behaviors against infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19. The application of the EPPM was effective in creating perceived intensity and sensitivity towards performing preventive behaviors, as well as in enhancing the attitude, intention, and behaviors of the group studied.

 The purpose of this research is to analyze the constituent elements of the culture of primary schools in Saveh city using thematic analysis.

 The research method was applied according to the purpose, applied according to the type of data, mixed (qualitative-quantitative) of the exploratory type according to the time of data collection, cross-sectional and according to the nature and method of implementation in the qualitative part of thematic analysis and in the quantitative part descriptive survey. Sociostatistics of the qualitative part, the experts included university faculty members and administrators with experience in education and school administrators. The socio-statistics of the quantitative part was 336 people from all administrators and elementary teachers of Saveh city.

 The findings were as follows: 3 comprehensive themes, 14 organizing themes and 85 basic themes were identified for the culture of elementary schools in Saveh city, which according to the prioritization are: cultural infrastructures with 5 organizing themes and 22 basic themes; culture-creating factors with 4 organizing themes and 20 basic themes; And the school with the level of Iranian-Islamic culture with 5 organizing themes and 43 basic themes.

 The results showed that the overall fit criterion for the structure of cultural infrastructure is equal to 0.627, the structure of culture-creating factors is equal to 0.661, and the structure of the school with the level of Iranian-Islamic culture is equal to 0.674.

Children's learning has always been regarded as an important issue that determines the educational destiny of children in the future and can confuse teachers and parents. Therefore, this study aimed to explain the experiences of parents of students with learning disabilities in elementary schools in Lordegan, Iran, in 2020.

This qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenological approach. The study sample included mothers of children with learning disabilities in Lordegan who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The unstructured and in-depth interviews were conducted on 12 mothers until the information saturation stage was reached. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method and identification of the main and sub-concepts.

The number of participants in the study was 12 (three men and nine females) and they were in the age range of 27-83 years. One of the participants was a widow and the rest were married. The initial code 1027 was obtained after Interviews in the form of 10 main concepts of parental loneliness with five sub-concepts, parental mental imbalance and aggression with six sub-concepts, feelings of failure and depression with six sub-concepts, parental involvement and follow-up with nine sub-concepts, parental effort and learning disability with 17 sub-concepts, financial problems and lack of cooperation of respective institutions with nine sub-concepts, community support with seven sub-concepts, physical and mental problems of the child with eight sub-concepts, concern for the future of the child with eight sub-concepts, and teacher influence with two sub-concepts.

Based on the obtained results, parents of children with learning disabilities feel lonely, their mental balance is disturbed, and they become aggressive and feel broken and depressed. In this regard, parents' participation and persistence, parents' efforts, the economic problems, and the lack of cooperation of the responsible institutions are quite obvious. Therefore, the parents of children with disabilities need various supports from the society and the educational system, and the necessity of all around support for these families is an inevitable reality that should not be ignored.

The aim of this study was to identify the supervisory role of primary school principals and related developments and to provide a framework to enhance the supervisory role of educational leaders (principals) in primary schools in Tehran.

Descriptive-inferential research method was structural equations by combining qualitative combined method using contextual theory and quantitative method. The research population in the qualitative part included professors, specialists and experts in the field of educational management and in the quantitative part included principals working in public primary schools in 19 districts of Tehran. Number of samples in the qualitative section using the purposeful selection method of 23 professors, specialists and experts and in the quantitative section, using the Cochran's formula sampling method, 318 primary school principals in Tehran were selected. The tools used to collect information included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in the qualitative part by grounded theory method and through coding (open, axial and selective) using MAXQDA software and 22 SPSS and Smart PLS 2 software.

The results showed that three dimensions are involved in the framework of the supervisory role of the Miran primary school educational leader in Tehran, which include; Individual dimension (human factors, technical factors, effectiveness, empowerment) was the organizational dimension (rules and regulations, organization, planning, quantitative and qualitative measurement) and contextual dimension (physical factors, social factors, economic factors, political factors, cultural factors). .

Lack of attention to the various dimensions of the educational system causes boredom and discouragement of teachers and this causes them to take a stand against this category and problems can not be identified. Also, school principals did not pay attention to playing the role of educational leadership and guidance after supervision. In a way that educational supervision has been used more in the form of control and inspection.

Students are considered as the main human resources of any society and attention to their health and health promotion is an investment for the future.In the present study, the aim was to make a comparative comparison of the primary school health educations in Iran, South Korea and Japan.

This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical method based on the method of comparative studies in education according to the George Bradychr('39')s view. According to this, the collected data were analyzed in four stages including descriptive, interpretation, adjacency and comparison. To collect research data, an extensive search including English and Persian studies was conducted from 2005 to 2020 using valid databases and citations such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, WHO and Science Direct.Sampling was done selectively and primary health education in Iran, Japan and South Korea were reviewed and compared. According to the basic conceptual model, primary school health education was studied in the components of physical, mental and social health education.

In terms of mental health, bicultural acceptance, family relationships, parenting style; In terms of physical health, organized sports participation, active behaviors in school, adhere to diet, balance and agility, flexibility, muscle strength, endurance; in the social dimension, security, cohesion, empowerment and social support are among the different types of health education between Iran and the other two countries.

In Iran, less attention has been paid to the components of primary school health education in all three dimensions of social, physical and mental health and needs to replace the different components mentioned in the research findings in the primary school health education system and the school health educators’program.

Air pollution in primary schools is a concerning issue, because young students, as a sensitive group, are present in such enclosed environments. The aim of this study was to deterrmine the level of particulate matter pollution in indoor and outdoor air of primary schools in Bandar Abbas, Iran.

In this descriptive-analytical study, during 9 sampling runs form winter to spring of 2018, the concentrations of particulate mattere with aerodynamic diameters below or equal to 10 (PM10) and 2.5 µm (PM2.5) were measured in indoor and outdoor air of 10 governmental primary schools of Bandar Abbas city using a HazDust-EPAM-5000 sampler. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were analyzed by Excel software and the mean and standard deviation values of the concentrations were calculated. The correlation between the concentration of particulate matter (PM) in indoor and outdoor environments was evaluated by SPSS software using spearman test at a confidence level of 95%. Moreover, Wilcoxon test was used for comparing the mean concentrations of particulate matters in indoor and outdoor air of the schools.

The values of 10-min mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in indoor air of schools were 78.8±36.8 and 111.1±53.0 µg/m3, respectively, while these values for outdoor air were 72.3±34.9 and 100.2±47.2 µg/m3, respectively. The mean indoor/outdoor ratios for PM2.5 and PM10 were 1.24 and 1.23, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the PM concentrations in indoor and outdoor of the schools.

The PM concentration in indoor air of primary schools in Bandar Abbas was higher than that of the ambient air, which may be due to the resuspension of deposited dusts through student activities. Accordingly, more efforts are needed for frequently cleaning of the indoor environment in the primary schools.

The aim of this study was to design a justice-oriented leadership model in the management of primary schools in Tehran.

The method of exploratory research was mixed. Qualitative stage data were collected first by studying the documents and in the second stage by using interviews with educational experts. In the qualitative stage, 15 people were interviewed; From these interviews, during three stages of qualitative data analysis, open, coded and selective coding, 6 general categories and 16 sub-categories were obtained, which in the form of a paradigm model, reflected justice-oriented leadership in primary school management. From the analysis of qualitative stage data, a questionnaire and a preliminary model were designed and finally implemented and analyzed with the participation of 302 primary school principals in Tehran.

In the analytical findings section, in addition to content validity, the structural validity of the questionnaire was determined using structural equation modeling software. For this purpose, the method of confirmatory factor analysis was used. Is. According to the GOF fit index, it can be said that the research model has a suitable and strong fit. Also, the results of one-sample t-test showed that the current situation of justice-oriented leadership in the management of primary schools in Tehran is optimal.

According to the results of Friedman test, the amount of differences in the dimensions and components of justice-oriented leadership has been different.