principles

This research was carried out with the aim of designing a model for aesthetic education based on the principles and aesthetic components in the Holy Quran.

A descriptive analysis of library and documentary sources was done. The data of the research indicates that the path of aesthetic education is through the realization of the basics and components that lead to beauty in belief and thought, desires and will, and causes the realization of true beauty. In the presented model, the ultimate goal Aesthetic education is godliness, godlikeness, or resemblance to absolute beauty, and ultimately leads to the attribution of man to the attributes of God Almighty.

The generality of the comprehensibility of beauty, the generalization of beauty, doubt, the inheritance and transmission of beauty, the absoluteness of beauty, the objectivity of beauty, God is the source of beauty, man is a version of absolute beauty, beauty is the ultimate human perfection, beauty is an existential matter, some of the basics of aesthetics are introduced. It is the Qur'an and its components are the balance of proportion, purposefulness and efficiency.

In the continuation of the discussion, among the foundations and components examined, educational topics were extracted, the realization of which can provide the basis for the flourishing of the potential talents of the educator and its direction towards the desired goals.

The purpose of this research is to provide a model for aesthetic education based on the principles and elements of aesthetics stated in the Holy Quran.

This research has presented a model for aesthetic education based on the Holy Quran by using the analytical-descriptive method and using library and documentary sources. The results of the research show that aesthetic education requires the realization of aesthetic principles and elements that manifest beauty at different levels of human belief, thought, desire and will and provide the necessary conditions for the emergence of true beauty. In the proposed model, the ultimate goal of aesthetic education is to become God-like, God-like, or close to absolute beauty, which leads to the attributes of God Almighty in humans.

The Holy Quran expresses aesthetic principles and principles, some of which are: Beauty is a phenomenon that can be understood and generalized by everyone. Beauty can be separated and inherited. Beauty is absolute and objective. God is the source and origin of beauty. Man is a small version of absolute beauty. Beauty is the goal and perfection of man. Beauty exists and is not just said. The aesthetic elements that are emphasized in the Quran include: balance and proportion, purposefulness and efficiency.

After examining the basics and aesthetic elements mentioned in the Holy Quran, the themes and axes of education were determined, and by realizing them, it is possible to bring out the hidden talents of the teacher and guide them towards the final goals.

Family practice is an integrated service delivery approach at the first level of health care delivery, in which the family physician and his team members are responsible for providing comprehensive, continuous, coordinated and individual and family-based health services. However, the concept of family practice in the primary health care system has always been challenging. The aim of this study was to explain the principles and concepts of family practice.

This research was conducted using conceptual review method. Four electronic databases (Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web Of Science) and Google Scholar and Google search engines were searched. Finally, 73 articles and documents were selected for final review.

Family practice is a community-based program for health services delivery in which a trained family medical team provides comprehensive, coordinated, continuous, and patient-centered primary health care services to all people of all ages and genders to promote, restore, and maintain their health. Comprehensiveness, continuity, coordination, and patient-centeredness are main principles of the family practice program. Prerequisites for a family practice program include governance and leadership, financing, manpower, equipment and supplies, service delivery, information, and political, social, economic, and technological factors. A family practice program affects the accessibility, quality, efficiency, equity, resilience and sustainability of health services and, ultimately, people health and the responsiveness and financial protection of the primary health care system.

The family practice program has had many achievements. Successful implementation of this program requires understanding its principles and prerequisites. The availability of prerequisites and ongoing evaluation of the family practice program facilitates the achievement of its goals.

Contemporary education is encountered with the issue of moral education. The importance of moral education in educational systems is evident and indisputable. The present study aimed to identify and validate the principles and objectives of the moral education curriculum model.

This study has a mixed-methods design with qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative part, a comparative content analysis method was employed, and in the quantitative part, the survey method was used. In content analysis, 54 articles were evaluated according to pre-defined criteria. The resulting data were integrated to form the proposed model. The research tool used for survey was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by five experts in educational science. To validate the proposed model, 85 experts in the field of educational science were selected purposely, and the proposed model was validated based on their views. The results were analyzed in SPSS 18 software.

The designed model has an integrated approach to the elements of moral education curriculum. The first and foremost level of this model comprises Islamic foundations, and at the higher level are the principles derived from these foundations. Islamic principles guided the model objectives, which, similar to a filter, prevented the intrusion of elements contrary to Islamic values into the moral education curriculum.

In the light of the fundamentals and principles of ethical education curriculum with an Islamic approach and given the components of formal and hidden curriculia in accordance with the goals of this model, ethical education and learning of moral skills and competencies can be achieved.

The rule of maintaining order is one of the most important rules that has been studied under the secondary provisions, and considering the extent of the provisions of this rule in terms of criminal law, private law and public law, it can be said that the implementation of provisions resulting from maintaining order can According to the implementation of the provisions of jurisprudential rules, such as the no-harm rule, the rule of domination, the rule of iodine, the rule of guarantee of iodine, etc., and the following legal principles such as the principle of expediency, the principle of enforceability of rulings, Society, the principle of legality of the sentence and dozens of other principles should be examined. The rule of maintaining order is a solution in exceptional circumstances, and the jurists, according to this rule, have forbidden any issue that disrupts the system, and have issued a fatwa on what is necessary to maintain order, and therefore the issue of the correct implementation of this The rulings that have been set in order to maintain the system and prevent the disruption of the system are important. Since the application of this rule will be possible in order to execute the binding sentence, therefore, studying the rules and principles governing the rule of maintaining order in the execution of the sentence is important in both jurisprudential and legal dimensions according to the library method. And analysis and description of the contents are studied in the present article.

In a reference document, fundamentals are the core values, principles and criteria are the main indicators, and goals are the basic strategies. The Islamic foundations of this field are the underlying accepted Islamic propositions that are used to investigate health issues.
Scientific authority in health, based on Islamic values and principles, is discussed in this paper

The ijtihadic method, using resources of the “reason” , “narration” and sometimes “experiences” was used.

Some of the main Fundamentals are as below:Integrative nature of the human, Originality of the soul, learning cognitive tools, God’s Source of Grace, peace and comprehensive health in the light of religion, Comprehensiveness of the religion, educability and flourishing of human nature, synchronization of science and Religion’s certain declarations, and effectiveness of the spiritual mediators.
Some of the main principles are as below:The centralization of monotheism, the institutionalization of moral values, integrity nature of the health (physical & biological, mental, physical, social and spiritual), necessity of the health services and merchandises, Health justice and equal distribution of opportunities,  effectiveness and optimal use of facilities, and no extravagance

Considering the above fundamentals and principles, the following could be among the goals of the Scientific Authority in Health era:Continuous improvement of the health indicators, Coordination of Physical , spiritual, social, and mental health, justice in health care, including distributive justice of all geographical areas, promoting the health indicators including life expectancy with human dignity and finally Converting the IR of Iran to the medical extreme of the Southwest Asia and the Islamic World.

Moral education system needs to opinions and ideas, rising from its culture and school for its formation, reinforcement and strengthen. Given the Islamic culture ruling our society if this study carried out on a prominent source, such as Nahj al-Balaghah, its acceptance by the audiences will be certain. The aim of this study is to explain a moral education system in the 31th letter of Nahj al-Balagha that includes foundations, goals, principles, and methods of moral education. Due to the close relationship between the method and the aims and nature of the research topic, the method used in this research is an analytical-inferential method, and the data collection method is library and document review. The conceptual analysis method was used for data analysis, and according to the subject and aim of this research, a method of studying the texture of concept was used to analyze the concepts.  The moral education system in the 31th letter of Nahj al-Balagha has four component includes foundations, goals, principles, and methods of moral education. The moral education system in this letter has four foundations: monotheism, human weakness, nature, and resurrection. The ultimate goal of moral education in this letter is "to have Divine Ethics", and the mediation goals for its realization are Knowing God, Self-development, piety, austerity, patience, obligation to the divine and God's remembrance. Principles of moral education deduced from this letter are dignity, individual differences, moderation, intellection, and thinking and ultimately, moral education methods in this letter are mention, preaching, template presentation, Kindness, warning, contrition, meditation, and calculation.

Islamic school has codified the citizenship rights based on transcendent vision of man. The goal of this essay is providing an answer for the following question: what is the role of the principles of Islamic politics in the explanation of citizenship rights? In the current research the latter issue is assayed through a descriptive and analytic approach. The rule of divine law; two-sidedness of man and the citizenship rights; human dignity and the citizenship rights; divine caliphate of man and the citizenship rights are among the findings of this study. Among the results of this research one can refer to the fact that Islamic religion is consistent with politics and law. Islam takes human spiritual aspect to be the major aspect of his existence while his corporeal aspect is considered as the ancillary to the former aspect and the basis that provides the ground for all human individuals to reach prosperity in this world and the otherworld. Human affairs are handled by God and the sovereignty is also based on His Will because by consciousness of this fact in policy making, codification of laws and legislation of judgments, citizenship rights and his true material and spiritual interests are observed and the grounds required for the fulfillment of the proper citizenship rights as well as the institutionalization of ethics, religious and human values in individuals and society are highlighted.

In the history of medicine, the surgical branch of Islamic medicine has been less widely studied, Therefore, the purpose of this study was to show some of the important and influential achievements of the Islamic Surgeons in this field. Regarding the wide range of subjects, the renal-urinary organs were selected until The elegance and sensibility of these organs have shown more angles than the innovations of this period.
Methods and Materials: Research Methodology have been Qualitative and descriptive-analytic type And with this method The content of the reference texts of surgical knowledge of the Islamic period has been reviewed critically and analyzed. Accordingly, the index and reference works of this period have been completed With this aim The period of the 3rd century AH, the beginning of original publications in this area until the 13th century AH, which the introduction of modern medicine into the Islamic world, was chosen. Then The principles and techniques of the surgeon have been thoroughly investigated; Then the principles and techniques of the surgeons in the field of renal, bladder, and urethral surgery have been analyzed. Eventually, By inductive method, The basic principles and techniques of this area are outlined.
The basic and consistent principles of surgery have been included: Differential diagnosis, precautionary measures, prevention of bleeding: such as hot flashes, sitting in a water pool, spraying styptic compounds, phlebotomy and closure of the wound site. After surgery, the principles of health at the surgical site were also emphasized by all surgeons. The findings of this research have suggested the following surgical procedures for the renal-edema organs: Cauterize of kidney and bladder with Hot Tools, Cauterize different hernia, Splitting with the technique of removing the inner fluid, lift and split, Split from width, Of course in this period Because of the huge dangers, is not used from cut off technique.
The research results confirmed this assumption That Some basic principles and techniques have been accepted at this time from the East to the West of the Islamic World. In the field of surgical techniques, three main methods were: Cauterize, splitting, and cutting And in this context, constant principles also included:Differential Diagnosis, Observing the moral principle of non-harming the patient, Avoid bleeding, stitching and disinfecting the wound site.

Among the multiple branches of the medicine of Islamic era, surgical knowledge, has not been reviewed Accurate and comprehensive. The importance of this research is an effort to provide a clear picture of the most important achievements in the field of this science, in the Islamic period. For this purpose, It should be drawn and fixed the general framework of this knowledge from the beginning of writing the independent Books in medicine in Islamic era which was drawn from third century to the beginning of modern medicine, the twelfth century AD. So this framework, is studied independently in both permanent principles and techniques of surgeons.
The method of research is qualitative with analysis the main text of surgery in the Islamic period. Accordingly, the works of this period, It was checked the reliable and available references, such as Al-Hawi fi Tibb-Razi, qanon Ibn Sina, AL-TASRIF Zahravi to less famous books, such as Fosul Qadiri. At the same time, In terms of time as well, the starting point OF study was a book of Ferdus alhikmeh and end point of study, book was khazaen al-moluk. Then these datas have been analyzed the views of the people in the field of surgery of tumor. Eventually has been tried with Inductive method to be determined the principles and proven techniques in this field.
The findings show that there has been some accepted and proven principles and techniques at this juncture from the east to the west in the Muslim world. The first principle, have been diagnosis Proper place of tumor, according to the location and content. Other principle has been determine the exact location of Surgery, precaution, stop the bleeding and suturing techniques tumor was the other principle of surgery. Surgical techniques of tumor include three general methods which have been split and cut. Techniques of Split include vertical slot (top-down), width gap, gap without lifting, Split with cauterize technique, Crescent and cross technique. Cutting also had been by removing the skin and techniques of cut off tonsils and tumor from throat. Also in some limited cases, for the treatment cauterize is used. One of the main principles of a surgeon in Islamic period has been specialized knowledge with a variety of necessary surgical tools. Specialized tools in this type of surgery include: Cicatrix; hook types; scalpel; Scissors; exam bars and Pliers.
Much of the principles and techniques of surgery of tumor, provided in the medical reference from third to six century AH And from the seventh to the thirteenth century enter the modern medicine to the world of Islam. Almost all the major sources, are repeated comments from earlier source, without critical review and provide any innovation and basically there has not been attempt to push the boundaries of knowledge. So it has been written a Brief descriptions of reference works such as the qanon Ibn Sina. Perhaps the main factor is the overall weakness of Islamic civilization and the subsequent, decline of the educational system of medicine is based on empirical observation, on the other hand, Lack of technology and prevented Microscopic growth this knowledge and build new tools.

Surgical knowledge is one of the most important passages of Traditional medicine in Islamic period. Among the different organs, eye surgery, an elegance and high sensitivity field, that needs to more expertise and clinical experience. It seems that it can be drawn permanent principles and certain rules, has been accepted and used by most surgeons in this period by review of traditional reference books. This study reveals these principles and evaluates the surgical techniques of eye surgery in Traditional medicine. Research method is qualitative content analysis of original texts of surgery in Islamic period. Accordingly, it is searched content of the outstanding works in this field, also their views on the principles and techniques is analyzed in the Cauterized of eye. Finally, with the inductive method, was specified constat Principles and techniques in the field. This hypothesis is confirmed the surgens of Islamic period, have had the Clear and distinct understanding of a variety of head diseases. During this period, the common principles and techniques has spread throughout the Islamic world, from Andalusia in the West to India in the East.Discussion & The differential diagnosis according to the criteria same as appearance, position, reason of illness, observance the precautionary principle, as a result of the clinical experience, schedule for treatment, specialized knowledge of species, cicatrix, required for each illness, techniques, and essential principles in the process of management were noticed. Surgical techniques have also been included such as cauterize with needle, olive, arches and lens shape Cicatrix. Also surgeon has observed special techniques for using either one Cicatrix to minimize the risk of eye injury.

Porcelain shade selection is very important in dentistry. There are some criteria for selecting the correct shade, but the extent to which these criteria are employed is not clear. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of general dentists in using the principles of porcelain shade selection in Shiraz in 2012.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 82 general dentists in Shiraz. While the dentists were selecting the shade, we evaluated the use of principles of shade selection (look angle, eye posture, and distance). Then, the data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software.
None of the study dentists used commercial light sources and 52.4% benefited from daylight. Moreover, 53.4%, 57.3%, and 69.5% of the dentists had correct eye posture, correct look angle, and correct distance, respectively. The results showed a significant relationship between working experience and correct shade selection (P=0.03).
The results of the present study demonstrated that about half of the general dentists did not follow the principles of shade selection. Thus, dentists’ attention should be attracted to the principles of shade selection. Also, further studies are required to focus on the reasons for not observing these principles.

Interest in the use of natural based medicines is a worldwide trend that is approved and ordered by the World Health Organization. It is necessary to recognize the differences between traditional and modern medicine schools for achieving an integrated medicine. The first principles of the Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) were compared with modern medicine by studying the traditional medicine texts. One of the differences is the existence of «administrator power» or «Nature» in human body from ITM approach that controls all systems and organs of the body. Nature is the first physician of everyone and physician’s duty is only helping and enforcing it. There is no equivalent for this concept in modern medicine. The second difference is the belief in individual differences among humans (Mizaj) and using it in protecting the health، diagnosis and treatment. Nowadays there is no exact equivalent of this concept in modern medicine، but the expansion of personalized medicine is a way to reach the common approach in this field. The best pattern of integrated medicine for Islamic society is adding the methods and tools of modern medicine based on belief principles of traditional medicine.

Philosophy of education is one of the epistemological domains of human science and one of the important courses in the curriculum of nursing doctoral degree. Quality of nursing education depends on the periodical assessment and improvement of this course. Therefore, the aim of this study was the pathological assessment of the principles and philosophy of education course in nursing doctoral degree. A qualitative design using a content analysis approach was used. Using a purposive sampling method, 11 doctoral degree students and 2 lecturers were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed. Five categories were developed: educational planning, promoting motivational strategies, modification of the process of mutual evaluation, compliance of the content with philosophy and content compliance with student's needs. The main theme was the reform of the process of educational administration. Results of this study show the importance and necessity of review and revision of the principles and philosophy of education course. In order to improve the quality of this course, the course content should be designed based on the needs of nursing students to be applicable in education, research and practice.

Since a long time ago, ethics was an inseparable part of medicine. From the view point of Islam, ethics in medicine extent _ in respect of the place of medicine which has relation to the dignity and importance of keeping the humanistic soul _ has two fold importance.Amis: The purpose of this article, explaining the principles of Islamic ethics and apply these principles in the medical profession and an attempt to provide a framework of characteristics of the Islamic Medical Ethics.Means and Ways: This investigation is a library study which proceed with deep study of related contexts to the principles and essentials of anthropology and rating of Islamic ethics. whatever which recognized as essentials of Islamic medical ethics, consist of the essentials of anthropology, and rating and is a description of this matter that in Islamic medical ethics how describe humane and consider what kinds of entity ‘s capacities and possibilities for him and determine which aims for humane which can’t imagine anything more valued than it. In this study the principles of Islamic ethics, is presented in four domains: Principles associated with God,Principles associated with self,Principles associated with community, Related principles of nature. In this article, the dimensions of these principles is mentioned.Discussion and In the research of Islamic ethics, we must meantime the revision of medical ethics, we should take a good look at the precedent of the civilization of Islamic Iran and it is necessary to avail the field of a fundamental change by a new look and with partake of last scientific yield and biotechnology in the medical ethics’ field and with reliance on principles and essentials of Islamic ethics. In this discourse proceed with this subject in detail.

The harmful outcomes of inordinate exploit from the nature and appearance of various kinds of pollutants, unplanned development of all fields leading to destruction and pollution of the environment and a global view towards other bioenvironmental factors are all indicating a very perilous situation in the world. Therefore, the necessity of developing bioenvironmental principles upon divine ethical ideals and development of worldly life as well is observed more than any other time. Such collection of the principles and doctrines might not be developed through a comprehensive individual or group manner because it needs some ideological and anthropological basis to be inspired from a supernatural source that is nothing but revelatory instructions. The environment is considered as everything around to be affected by or affects us and includes natural, artificial and social environment. Following principles can be mentioned from the viewpoint of Islam: environmental justice – reconstruction of the artificial environment – to invite the people to protect the environment – to study the bioenvironmental impacts of development projects – to prevent from destruction of the environment - Optimum consumption - Environmental Health – to prevent from environmental pollution – water sanitation – air sanitation – noise sanitation – earth health - health trash – to make recycling system – to extend the green spaces and to execute national and international protocols are the most important among all.

Assisted reproductive technology has greatly revolutionized chances of repro-duction offered to infertile couples and it has helped them maintain their family integrity. This technology, like any other new medical technology, has brought up questions regarding its ethical goodness or badness. As its objectives, this article discusses the ethical issues regarding surrogate motherhood according to bioethical principles. Autonomy is one of bioethical principles, which its implication in surro-gacy is referred to as refraining from safe life style, prenatal care or refusal of giving the child to its genetic parents. Complete consultation by independent specialists for all the involved parties could maintain the individuals autonomy in giving voluntary informed consent to this technique and increase her commitment toward the desired responsibility in the contract. Other ethical principles, which are brought up in this process, are beneficence and non-malfeasance. To regard these moral principles, all screening procedures and physical examinations should be practiced with utmost care to minimize any risk to the surrogate mother and the baby. Justice is another ethical issue which is observed in this technology. Surrogacy as a means of commercial profit is instrumentalization and exploitation of low-income women for the interest of high-income people. Establishing methods to control payment for surrogacy and making it an altruistic act, instead of a business, could help eliminate this unethical aspect. Surrogacy could be an ethically acceptable and altruistic act for helping infertile couples if all ethical standards are practiced. Supervision of independent ethics committees is essential for assuring the fulfillment of these standards.