prognosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Prognostic markers are essential for predicting disease progression and managing its impact. Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are significant laboratory findings in MS, yet their prognostic role remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the role of OCBs in the short-term progression of MS.

We enrolled patients diagnosed with Relapsing-Remitting MS and conducted a follow-up for five years, during which we monitored their Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. Clinical manifestations were compared between patients with positive and negative OCBs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.

Among the 140 participants, 41 (29%) were OCB-negative and 99 (71%) were OCB-positive. No significant differences were found regarding sex, age, family history, associated disease, and EDSS scores between the two groups at the beginning of the study. Throughout the five-year duration of the study, there was no disparity in the EDSS scores of patients belonging to the two groups. Notably, the mean number of relapses was 1.37 in OCB-negatives compared to 1 in OCB-positives, which was statistically significant (P=0.03). In other words, after 5 years, despite the high rate of recurrence in patients with negative OCB compared to patients with positive OCB, there was no difference in terms of prognosis (EDSS progress) between the two groups.

While the presence of OCBs in patients with MS does not demonstrate a significant prognostic impact over a five-year follow-up period, it could potentially influence the rate of recurrence.

Patient management and necessary supportive treatments, an accurate prognosis of the illness is essential for patients with acute pancreatitis. Thus far, no diagnostic technique has demonstrated superiority over the other in terms of clinical judgment. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive accuracy of the Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score in contrast to Ranson's criteria.

Our research is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients admitted to the emergency department with acute pancreatitis. Exclusion criteria comprised individuals with liver, heart, or renal failure upon admission or during hospitalization. Each patient's demographic data, including age, gender, education level, and consciousness level, were considered. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 16 software with a significance level set at p <0.05.

Out of 286 patients, 221 were diagnosed with moderate acute pancreatitis, while 65 were diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis. Among these patients, 5 (7.1%) succumbed to complications related to pancreatitis, including 3 males and 2 females. Both the BISAP and Ranson criteria demonstrated significant capability in assessing the severity of both moderate and severe acute pancreatitis with a 95% confidence level. The analysis revealed a statistically significant area under the curve for both criteria (P= 0.002).

Although BISAP and Ranson have both good accuracy and efficacy to determine the severity of pancreatitis, BISAP scoring criteria have higher prognostic accuracy.

Acute pulmonary embolism can quickly cause hemodynamic collapse and death. Recent studies have shown that different characteristics of electrocardiogram (ECG) can be used to predict the prognosis of patients. This study aimed to investigate the relative frequency of fragmented QRS in the ECG of patients with pulmonary embolism and its prognostic value.

This study was conducted retrospectively. The files of 106 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism from January 2016 to the end of March 2020 were selected and reviewed. The findings of the ECG, including the ST elevation in V1-V4 leads with and without T invention, right axis deviation, right bundle branch block (RBBB), PR, QRS, QTc intervals, type of treatment (thrombolysis or embolectomy), cardiogenic shock, mortality were collected. Finally, the data were recorded and analyzed in SPSS software Version 16.

Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent risk factors among the patients. The relative frequency of fragmented QRS, at least in one lead, was 26.2%. The use of thrombolysis, mechanical ventilation, embolectomy, cardiogenic shock, and in-hospital death was significantly higher among patients who had fragmented QRS (P<0.001). CTNI was significantly higher in patients with fragmented QRS (P=0.001). In patients with fragmented QRS large vessels, involvement was significantly higher.

This study showed that the presence of fragmented QRS in the ECG of acute embolism patients has a significant relationship with cardiogenic shock, hospital mortality, and the need for advanced treatment methods such as intubation, embolectomy, and the use of thrombolysis.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is known to play a significant role in predicting poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. Nonetheless, its potential for predicting long-term adverse outcomes following revascularization procedures remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate this relationship.

This prospective cohort study included 258 consecutive patients undergoing elective isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). All patients required ICU referral before hospital discharge. A 3-week cardiac rehabilitation program with 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring was planned for all patients. HRV was analyzed by computer and manually over-read. During a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 3 years, patients were contacted via phone to assess long-term outcomes, including death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), such as myocardial infarction, reoperation, or brain stroke.

Out of 258 patients (177 males and 81 females) with an average age of 58.80±9.60 years, 4.3% of patients died due to cardiovascular events, and 15.1% experienced long-term MACE. A comparison of HRV indicators between the non-surviving and surviving subgroups revealed significantly lower mean RR, mean standard deviation of normal-to-normal HRV interval (SDNN), and low and high-frequency values in the former group. However, when comparing HRV indicators between the subgroups with and without long-term MACE, no significant differences were observed. Cox proportional hazard analysis demonstrated that decreased HRV (SDNN) effectively predicted long-term mortality in patients who underwent CABG.

Lower postoperative HRV serves as a valuable predictor of long-term mortality after CABG in ICU patients, with reduced SDNN values particularly relevant for anticipating long-term adverse events.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.

This study consists of experimental and in silico phases. In the experimental phase, the expression of hsa_circ_0052112 in tumor and blood samples from 40 breast cancer women was analyzed, compared to the control group using Sybr Green real-time RT-PCR followed by total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Statistical analysis was performed using the beta-actin gene as a normalizer, compared to the normal control group as a fold change. In the in silico phase, interactions among circRNA, RNA-Binding Proteins (RBPs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) were investigated using Interactome Database. The miRcancer database was utilized to assess breast cancer-related miRNAs linked to hsa_circ_0052112. Target miRNAs were identified with TargetScan and filtered for relevance through DisGeNET. K-means clustering grouped genes by expression patterns, visualized in Cytoscape to illustrate circRNA-miRNA-mRNA relationships. Hub genes underwent pathway enrichment analysis using Reactome database to determine their functional significance.

Data revealed a significant increase in hsa_circ_0052112 expression in both blood and tumour of breast cancer patients. This increase was especially pronounced in patients with estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptor positivity, as well as in advanced disease stages with lymph node involvement. Enrichment analysis of hub genes indicates their role in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

hsa_circ_0052112 shows promise as a multifaceted biomarker for breast cancer, enhancing diagnosis and prognosis; while supporting personalized treatment strategies. Further clinical validation is necessary to confirm its utility.

We aimed to explore the prognostic factors in patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis (HBC) and to establish a risk prediction model.

In this prospective study, 120 subjects were selected from patients with decompensated HBC who were hospitalized between January 2022 and January 2023. All patients were followed for one year. Using death during follow-up as the prognostic endpoint, patients were categorized into a good prognosis (survival) group and a poor prognosis (death) group. Demographic data and laboratory indicators were compared between the two groups. Risk factors were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis, and a risk prediction model was subsequently established.

There were 30 cases (25%) in the poor prognosis group and 90 cases (75%) in the good prognosis group. The incidence of hypoproteinemia, international normalized ratio (INR), and the levels of total cholesterol (TC), cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were significantly higher in the poor prognosis group compared to the good prognosis group (P < 0.05). Hypoproteinemia, cfDNA, GM-CSF, and INR were identified as risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with decompensated HBC [odds ratio (OR) > 1, P < 0.05], while TC was identified as a protective factor (OR < 1, P < 0.05). A regression equation was established as follows:Logit (P) = -12.544 + 1.376 × cfDNA + 1.051 × GM-CSF + 1.025 × INR + 0.675 × TC + 4.136 × hypoproteinemia.The area under the curve (AUC) for this model was 0.920 [95% confidence interval: 0.855 - 0.980, P < 0.001], indicating high reliability and stability.

Hypoproteinemia, INR, cfDNA, and GM-CSF are risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with decompensated HBC.

 Immune-complex mediated glomerulonephritis (IC- GN) has a poor prognosis and commonly leads to kidney failure This study reports 20-year experience with the long-term outcomes of 222 Iranian IC-GN patients. 

This single-center historical cohort study was conducted on patients who underwent kidney biopsies from 1998 to 2018 in Hasheminejad Kidney Center (HKC). Initial demographic, clinical, laboratory, and pathology data were extracted from the glomerulonephritis registry of HKC. Follow-up data was obtained by reviewing hospital and outpatient files, as well as phone calls. The primary outcomes were end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and death, and the secondary outcomes were complete remission, partial remission, and stable chronic kidney disease. 

A total of 222 patients, (141 (63.5%) males, 81 (36.5%) females, mean age: 37.76 ± 15.71 years), were diagnosed with IC- GN. The most common causes were IgA nephropathy and lupus nephritis. Among all, 60.2% progressed to ESKD, 15.5% died, 13.1% achieved complete, and 18.5% achieved partial remission. The overall one-, three-, five-, and ten-years kidney survival rates were 52%, 42%, 38%, and 27%, respectively, with a significant difference between the IC-GN subtypes (P < .001). The highest kidney survival rate was found in lupus nephritis. Significant independent predictors of ESKD were the percentage of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.022 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.012-1.033]), percentage of active crescents (aHR = 4.002 [95% CI = 2.066-7.752]), and initial serum creatinine level (aHR = 1.073 [95% CI = 1.035-1.112]) (P < .001 for all). 

There was a significant difference between the long-term survival of IC-GN types. Histopathologic features, and higher initial serum creatinine levels, were important predictors of poor outcome.

Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been highly contagious and pathogenic, causing mild to severe respiratory failure. The most investigated biomarkers can help to predict disease progression and guide treatment decisions. Expert clinicians suggested that the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) represent rapid, easy, widely available, and relatively inexpensive tools.

We aimed to explore the NLR and PLR in predicting the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients in the Mexican Southeast.

In this retrospective study, we included hospitalized adults with COVID-19 from Dr. Juan Graham Casasús Hospital who had survived or non-survived between June 2020 and January 2022. Demographic and laboratory data were acquired from electronic medical records. We calculated NLR, PLR, and SII. The continuous variables were expressed as average and were compared with the Student t-test, as well as with the categorical variables. These were expressed as numbers and percentages and were compared with the χ2 test between the survivor group and the non-survivor group. The sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of death according to the cutoff values of the NLR, PLR, and the SII by ROC curve. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

We admitted 189 patients. The average age was 61.8 ± 17.3 years, 59.8% (n = 113) were men, and 55.6% (n = 105) were non - survivors. We showed differences among survivors and non - survivors, age (65.6 vs. 56.9 P = 0.001), white blood cell count (14.1 vs. 10.2 P = 0.001), neutrophil (12.4 vs. 8.5 P = 0.002), CRP (213.7 vs. 158.5 P = 0.003), IL - 6 (192.3 vs. 81.0 P = 0.005), NLR (23.5 vs. 11.4 P = 0.000), PLR (524.8 vs. 287.6 P = 0.010), SII (6982.0 vs. 3003.1 P = 0.004). The optimal cutoff for the NLR was 8.6 with a sensitivity of 70.4% and a specificity of 51.8 (AUC 0.678, CI 95% 0.6024 - 0.7541, P < 0.0001), for the PLR where it shows 252.6 with a sensitivity of a 60.0% and a specificity of 50.6 (AUC 0.6096, CI 95% 0.5297 - 0.6895, P < 0.0099), for the SII that 1815 with a sensitivity of 70.4%, and a specificity of 51.8 (AUC 0.6566, CI 95% 0.5788 - 0.7344, P < 0.0002).

We propose that NLR, PLR, and SII should be considered an inexpensive, accessible, and effective biomarker in the management of patients with COVID-19. In conclusion, the high NLR, PLR, and SII were related to poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients.

To describe the epidemiological profile, clinical characteristics, and visual outcome of pediatric ocular trauma in Tunisia.

In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the charts of 398 children younger than 16 years of age, presenting to the Emergency Department “B” of Hedi Rais Institute of Ophthalmology, for ocular trauma. The study period was between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2019. The final best‑corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured at the end of the follow‑up period, which was 6 months. We used the Chi‑squared test to compare the two groups of final visual acuities (good vs. poor visual outcome) for different prognostic factors. The ocular trauma score (OTS) and the pediatric OTS (POTS) were calculated for each child. We used the Cohen’s kappa coefficient to evaluate the agreement between our final visual acuities using OTS and POTS.

The mean age was 7.95 years with a sex ratio (males to females) of 5.32. Closed‑globe injury (CGI) was found in 321 eyes, while 101 eyes had open‑globe injury (OGI). Injuries were bilateral in 24 children. The majority of injuries occurred at home. The predominant mechanism of injury was fall in CGI and tree branch in OGI. Initial and final BCVA were predominantly ≤0.3 logMAR in both CGI and OGI. OTS category 3 and POTS category 2 were the most common. Factors associated with poor prognosis included delay to consultation >24 h (P = 0.0001); initial BCVA >1 logMAR (P = 0.0001); OGI (P = 0.001); size of injury ≥5 mm (P = 0.01); zone III in OGI (P = 0.032); endophthalmitis (P = 0.001); OTS 1 and 2 (P = 0.01); POTS 1 (P = 0.0001); and the following associated lesions: cataract (P = 0.006), retinal detachment (P = 0.03), and intraocular foreign body (P = 0.03). We found that both OTS (P = 0.001) and POTS (P = 0.003) were predictive of the final BCVA, with a moderate agreement between them (Cohen’s kappa = 0.56).

Studying the epidemiological profile and identifying the risk factors for poor visual outcome of pediatric ocular trauma are necessary to implement preventive measures. A thorough clinical evaluation and close patient follow‑up are crucial for identifying these risk factors. Both OTS and POTS were predictive of the final visual outcome. POTS has the advantage of bypassing the initial visual acuity which may be difficult to assess in children.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Due to the limited availability of biomarkers and therapeutic targets, OSCC is the major leading cause of cancer death. Although many studies have shown the role of the autophagy-related biomarker in cell survival and progression of several cancers, it is unclear whether the autophagy-related biomarker could be a marker in tumorigenesis and prognosis in OSCC. The aim of this review was to evaluate the available evidence about the possibly significant role of autophagy-related genes (ATG) in tumorigenesis and prognosis in OSCC.

A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement, and the PICOS question was, “Whether autophagy genes can be a marker in tumorigenesis and prognosis in oral cancer.” A search strategy was elaborated to retrieve studies (2018-2023) from various databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS tool in Cochrane Rev-Man software 5.4.

Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, three out of 178 studies found through the search were included in this systematic review. The majority of the studies accurately demonstrated features of the tumor with a worse prognosis in OSCC that were associated with an autophagy-related biomarker.

According to the review, investigations indicate that biomarkers related to autophagy can be used to predict the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) holds the position of being the third most prevalent cancer and the second primary cause of cancer-related fatalities on a global scale. Approximately 65% of CRC patients survive for 5 years following diagnosis. Metastasis and recurrence frequently occur in half of CRC patients diagnosed at the late stage. This study used bioinformatics analysis to identify key signaling pathways, hub genes, transcription factors, and protein kinases involved in transforming primary CRC with liver metastasis potential. Prognostic markers in CRC were also identified. 

Experimental approach:

The GSE81582 dataset was re-analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in early CRC compared to non-tumoral tissues. A protein interaction network (PIN) was constructed, revealing significant modules and hub genes. Prognostic markers, transcription factors, and protein kinases were determined. Boxplot and gene set enrichment analyses were performed. Findings/

This study identified 1113 DEGs in primary CRC compared to healthy controls. PIN analysis revealed 75 hub genes and 8 significant clusters associated with early CRC. The down-regulation of SUCLG2 and KPNA2 correlated with poor prognosis. SIN3A and CDK6 played crucial roles in early CRC transformation, affecting rRNA processing pathways.

Conclusion and implications: 

This study demonstrated several pathways, biological processes, and genes mediating the malignant transformation of healthy colorectal tissues to primary CRC and may help the prognosis and treatment of patients with early CRC.

Smoking causes severe lung adenocarcinoma. High CEP55 expression correlates with clinico-pathological features, suggesting the mRNA/miRNA/lncRNA-ceRNA network’s crucial to prognosis.

The study used databases like TIMER 2.0, UALCAN, OncoMX, GEPIA2, OncoDB, ENCORI, KM Plotter, TNMplot, CancerSEA, CellTracer, GENI, Intogen, miRNet, TISIDB, GSCA, the Enrichr, HDOCK, and LigPlot databases to analyze CEP55 and associated ceRNA expression in lung cancer tumors and normal tissues.

The CEP55 gene is overexpressed in both lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Findings suggested that overexpression of CEP55 has a poor prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.63, CI = 1.44–1.84, P = 1.4e-15), first progression (FP) (HR = 1.81, CI = 1.52–2.15, P = 6.4e-12), and post-progression survival (PPS) (HR = 1.141, CI = 1.14–1.74, P = 00012). Particularly, high CEP55 expression is significantly associated with OS + LUAD patients (HR = 1.55, CI = 1.3-1.84, P = 7.2e-07) and those with OS + LUAD smokers (HR = 1.49, CI = 1.15-1.94, P = 0.0026). The study found a strong link between lncRNA-TMPO-AS1 overexpression and poor prognosis in LUAD + smokers, and hsa-let-7b-5p downexpression was associated with poor survival in LUAD. The least binding energy or most favourable interaction score between hsa-let-7b-5p and CEP55 was found to be -124.52 kcal/mol.

Smokers with lung adenocarcinoma had worse prognoses due to higher E2F1, CEP55, and TMPO-AS1 levels. Also, TMPO-AS1 sponge formation with hsa-let-7b-5p may be the cause of this feedback loop.

Assessing the risk levels of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) can assist in making informed choices about their treatment and rehabilitation. To assess the prognostic value of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in neurological deficit (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS]), functional independence (Modified Rankin Scale [mRS]), and mortality following AIS. 

The search encompassed Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science until June 2023. Two autonomous researchers incorporated articles by the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies were assessed using the quality assessment of prognostic accuracy studies (QUAPAS) tool. 

Ten articles were included, with evidence suggesting that IGF-1 may have prognostic value in AIS outcomes. Several studies reported positive associations between IGF-1 levels, reduced neurological deficits, improved functional independence, and lower mortality. Additionally, intraindividual fluctuations in IGF-1 after AIS were identified as a potential predictor of recovery in functional independence, though significant inconsistencies exist in the findings. 

 The available studies with a very low level of evidence are not sufficient to firmly endorse the applicability of IGF-1 as a prognostic factor for mortality, neurological disability, and functional independence.

This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of TRP ion channel genes (TRPICGs) in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) and explore its related mechanisms.

The COAD dataset was downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The differential expression genes (DEGs) were screened between COAD and normal samples. The differentially expressed TRPICGs (DE-TRPICGs) were obtained via intersection of DEGs and 28 TRPICGs. The Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curve was used to screen DE-TRPICGs with survival differences as prognostic markers. Afterward, the correlation of prognostic marker with clinical, immune cell, copy number variation were explored. Finally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to verify the expression of prognostic marker.

Overall, 6003 DEGs were screened, and 6 DE-TRPICGs were obtained. Only TRPA1 was identified as prognostic biomarker. Survival and clinical correlation analyses implied that TRPA1 played an inhibitory role in colon adenocarcinoma pathogenesis and progression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated that TRPA1 was associated with cell cycle and immune-related pathways. Immune infiltration analysis showed that TRPA1 expression was significantly correlated with the infiltration of B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Eventually, TRPA1 expression was down-regulated at the protein level in COAD samples, which presented consistent results with expression in the database.

TRPA1 was identified in COAD as a prognostic marker associated with TRP ion channels, which provided a powerful reference value and a new direction for the diagnosis and treatment of COAD.

 Breast cancer (BC) can be categorized into 4 groups based on molecular and pathological evidence: Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2+ tumors, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC has a poorer survival rate and a higher chance of recurrence and metastasis compared to other BC types, primarily due to its challenging treatment course. Claudin 4 (CLDN4), a transmembrane protein in tight junctions between cells, has been linked to poor prognosis and faster disease progression in these malignancies.

Patients previously diagnosed with TNBC and tested for CLDN4 overexpression were contacted for follow-up and to determine disease outcomes. The current health status, cause, and time of death (if applicable) were recorded. Patient files were accessed to obtain information on age, tumor size and grading, lymph node involvement, metastasis, Ki67, and CLDN4 expression.

Patients with high CLDN expression showed a significantly lower mortality rate. However, after controlling for other covariates, the hazard ratio (HR) was 0.48 (95%CI= [0.13 – 1.27]) in the crude model for survival, 0.54 (95%CI = [0.2 – 1.43]) when adjusted for age at diagnosis, and 0.58 (95%CI = [0.18-1.82]) when adjusted for other covariates. CLDN4 was also not correlated with tumor metastasis (HR=0.64, p=0.203, in the crude model; HR=0.52, p=0.409, when adjusted for other covariates). Patients in the CLDN4 high group had a significantly higher number of tumors >2cm.

Although previous studies have shown that CLDN4 overexpression worsens TNBC prognosis and increases metastasis or recurrence, the current study found no such association.

During the last decade, more attention was paid to the tumor cell microenvironment, especially to tumor stroma-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). This study aimed to assess the prognostic impact of different TILs subpopulations and PD-L1 positive tumor cells in localized lung adenocarcinomas. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study, which included localized adenocarcinomas diagnosed in the department of pathology and resected in the Thoracic Surgery Department of the same hospital between 2015 and 2020. TILs were analyzed using the immunohistochemical method for Fox-P3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD3. Besides, the PD-L1 antibody was used to assess tumor cell expression. Intra-tumoral and stromal labeled lymphocytes were quantified by manual counting at high magnification (X400). Fox-P3+/CD8+, Fox-P3+/CD4+, FoxP3+/PD-L1+, and CD8+/CD4+ ratios were subsequently calculated. The prognostic value of TILs was assessed with respect to overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (ReFS). A total of 44 localized adenocarcinomas were included. In the univariate analysis, the prognostic factors influencing OS included gender, adenocarcinoma subtype, Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) score, TIL grade, PD-L1 expression, PD-L1 grade, tumor immunity in the microenvironment, and the expressions of various immune markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and FoxP3. The analysis also considered the FoxP3 ratio, FIL score, and different ratios involving immune markers, such as CD8/CD4 ratio, FoxP3/CD8 ratio, FoxP3/CD4 ratio, and FoxP3/PD-L1 ratio. The prognostic factors influencing the ReFS consisted of gender, the adenocarcinoma subtype, TIL score, TIL grade, PD-L1, PD-L1 grade, TIM, CD8 expression, CD20 expression, FIL score, Fox-P3/CD8 ratio, Fox-P3/CD4 ratio, and Fox-P3/PD-L1 ratio. Multivariate analysis revealed no independent predictive factors of OS or ReFS. Despite the limitations of this study, the results highlighted that TILs may not represent an independent prognostic factor in localized adenocarcinomas and don’t play a major role in comparison to the tumor stage.

Osteoporosis (OP), a widespread musculoskeletal disorder characterized by fragile bone fractures, has seen increasing attention regarding immune infiltration-related genes. These genes show significant predictive value in solid tumor prognosis and are now being explored for their roles in musculoskeletal diseases. This study identified osteoporosis-associated differentially expressed immune genes (OP-DEGs) by analyzing the overlap between OP-differentially expressed genes and immune genes. To elucidate the functional implications of these genes, pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using Gene Ontology and KEGG databases. Additionally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) were employed to explore underlying mechanisms. A competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed for critical OP-related immune genes, and immune infiltration analysis investigated micro-environmental characteristics. The diagnostic effectiveness of OP was evaluated using ROC curves. Finally, RT-PCR determined the expression levels of 15 key OP-related immune genes in OP and control groups. The study identified 29 OP-DEGs. Extensive bioinformatics analysis pinpointed 15 key genes that could serve as potential biomarkers for OP diagnosis. RT-PCR results revealed significantly increased expression of VEGFA, HMOX1, RARA, CXCL10, hsa-miR-129-2-3p, OIP5-AS1, and HCG18 in the OP group compared to controls. Our findings suggest that these immune-related genes may predict OP prognosis and offer new perspectives for early prevention and intervention strategies. The identification of specific immune genes involved in OP development highlights their potential as therapeutic targets for further investigation.

Previous research has identified several potential biomarkers associated with pathological tumor (pT) staging in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Among these biomarkers, CX3CR1 is notable for its connection to the immune microenvironment.

To further investigate the significance of CX3CR1 as a key biomarker for predicting pT staging and PCa progression.

Prostate cancer tissue samples were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining. The diagnostic performance of CX3CR1 was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, while Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted to determine overall survival (OS) rates.

A significant decrease in CX3CR1 expression was observed in PCa tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, with the lowest levels detected in pT3 tumors. CX3CR1 expression showed a negative correlation with preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, lymph node staging (N stage), Gleason score, and overall survival (OS). Additionally, CX3CR1 levels were associated with the polarization of infiltrating CD4+ T cells in PCa patients.

CX3CR1, as a biomarker associated with pT staging, plays a role in predicting PCa prognosis, potentially by modulating the immune microenvironment.