psychoticism

 Psychopath evaluation and conceptualization in non–clinical individuals has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Psychopathy is a set of emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral traits that represent cruelty, recklessness, deception, bigotry, excitement, and aggression. Underlying individual differences in Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) are biological issues. One of the personality theories that addressed individual differences, especially biological differences, is Eysenck's theory of personality. Eysenck's personality traits model describes APD based on the following traits: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality traits of primary and secondary psychopathy based on Eysenck’s model.

 The present correlational research applied structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all medical students in Tabriz City, Iran, in the academic year of 2019–2020. In total, 284 subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method. The inclusion criterion of the study included medical students. Besides, the exclusion criteria of the study were the presence of active mental health disorders and absence from >2 sessions. The required data was gathered by the Levenson Self–Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP) (Levenson et al., 1995) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised Short (EPQ–RS) (Eysenck et al., 1985). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling in SPSS and LISREL. The significance level of all tests was 0.01.

 The collected results indicated that neuroticism had a direct and significant relationship with primary APD (Beta=0.301, p<0.001) as well as secondary APD (Beta=0.823, p<0.001). Psychosis had a direct and significant relationship with primary APD (Beta=0.502, p<0.001) as well as secondary APD (Beta=0.310, p<0.001); however, extraversion had no significant relationship with primary APD (Beta=–0.123, p=0.061) as well as secondary APD (Beta=0.122, p=0.080). Furthermore, the collected data fitted with the proposed research model (x2/df=2.46, CFI=0.96, GFI=0.91, NFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.072).

 According to the current research results, Eysenck's theory has a tremendous influence on the development of theoretical and research etiology of psychopathy and supports the major role of Eysenck's theory in APD.

This study explored prediction of schizotypal and borderline traits according to attachment dimensions and basic personality traits. The current study was conducted in correlational context. Randomly selected 603 students from Tabriz Payame Nour and Azad Universities and Sarab Payame Nour University students took part in this research. Participants answered Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B)، Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI)، Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised، Short form (EPQ-RS) and Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI). Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Neuroticism، avoidant attachment، psychoticism، secure attachment (negatively)، ambivalent attachment and extraversion (negatively) significantly predict schizotypal trait respectively. Neuroticism، psychoticism، ambivalent & avoidant attachments significantly predict borderline trait respectively. High neuroticism and psychoticism with avoidant attachment style is proposed model for schizotypal، while high neuroticism and psychoticism with ambivalent attachment style is best model in prediction of borderline traits.

The aim of this project was to assess the frequency and intensity of psychoticism or psychotic liability in cannabis users. 100 hashish consumers (98 males, 2 females) were selected via convenient sampling me- thod as the subjects of the study. They completed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) which measures the psychotic dimension in addition to neuroticism and extraversion. Some information on demographic characteristics such as age of the subjects, their pattern of consumption, and use of other substances were collected. Data were analyzed and presented by means of descriptive-statistical methods. This study indicated the considerable psychoticism in 50% of the sample.The obtained mean score of psychoticism in this project was higher than the score, which Eysenck had reported for the Iranian population. Regarding the obtained data on cannabis use and psychoticism, it seems that cannabis may have adverse psychological effects on heavy users and can be considered as a risk factor for psy-chosis.