reliability

Recently, some theories and research have introduced another type of envy, which includes both the positive (benign) and negative (malicious) aspects of envy. It seems that primarily the malicious dimension of envy is the subject of much existing research. Therefore, a scale that can measure another dimension of envy, such as malicious envy, can be an attractive measure for research in this field.

The purpose of this study was to validate and investigate the psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale (BeMaS).

The current research is of a descriptive-correlation type. A total of 429 people (138 males and 291 females) participated in the study. The participants answered the questions of the Sociodemographic Questionnaire, BeMaS, Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI), and achievement motivation test (AMT). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS version 22 software. This study was conducted in 2021, and the questionnaires were designed and distributed online using the Porsline platform.

The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) support the two components of envy based on the original version (GFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.08). The results showed a statistically significant value (P < 0.001) with χ² (df) values of 87.32. A significant relationship was observed between benign envy and achievement motivation (r = 0.18, P < 0.01), but no significant relationship was observed with fear of failure (r = 0.09, P > 0.01). Unlike benign envy, malicious envy has a moderate significant positive relationship with fear of failure (r = 0.35, P < 0.01) and a significant negative correlation with achievement motivation (r = -0.28, P < 0.01). The Cronbach’s alpha for benign envy was found to be α = 0.672, and for malicious envy, it was α = 0.745.

The BeMaS showed good internal consistency in an Iranian adult sample. As a result, the Persian version of the BeMaS has good reliability and validity for assessing envy in the Iranian population.

Labor is an important experience for women that affects them physically and emotionally. Women and their families need safety and a humanistic approach during labor. Measuring women’s perception of respectful maternity care provided in health facilities is important to provide holistic and humanistic care during labor.

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the respectful maternity care (RMC) scale.

This methodological study was conducted on 150 postpartum women in Adana, Turkey from January to June 2021. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.22 and AMOS v.22 using suitable analysis methods.  Researchers studied the RMC scale for the reliability of language, content, construct, validity, and internal consistency. The validity analysis of the scale was examined using Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) were used for confirmatory factor analysis.

The Turkish version of RMC has 12 items and three components.  An analysis of the new results indicated a three-factor structure with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of .84 explaining 70.74% of the total variance. The results showed that the data had a good level of fit with the model, χ²/df = 2.148, CFI = .96, GFI = .92, NFI = .92, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .08.  Cronbach’s alpha of the scale was calculated 0.870.

The Turkish version of the RMC scale is a valid and reliable scale for Turkish society.

The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was first introduced and developed in 1997 by the Outcomes Research Group, and was adopted by Allergan, Inc. (Irvine, Goleta, CA). While several tools are available for evaluating dry eye syndrome (DES), the OSDI questionnaire is known to have high reliability and validity. Additionally, although more complex questionnaires are available, the goal of the OSDI is to ensure a rapid diagnosis of ocular surface disease. The OSDI consists of a 12-item questionnaire designed to assess the visual disability caused by DES. The OSDI score can range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater disability. This language-inclusive mini-review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of previous studies that translated the OSDI into various languages and validated the translated versions.

OSDI validation studies were identified through a PubMed / MEDLINE and Google Scholar search spanning the 27 years since the establishment of the OSDI, using the broad term “Ocular Surface Disease Index-12 questions” and keywords that is “ocular surface disease index-12,” “translation and validation,” “transcultural validation,” “development,” “cross-cultural adaptation,” and “reliability and validity.” We included original studies that validated the translated version of the OSDI in various languages, presenting the key findings with a focus on reliability and repeatability outcomes.

Thirteen full-text articles were thoroughly reviewed, including those identified through targeted keyword searches and the reference lists of these studies. The papers examined the translation of the English version of the OSDI-12 questionnaire into nine languages: Italian, Arabic, Chinese, Chilean Spanish, Japanese, Filipino, Farsi, Bahasa Melayu, and Brazilian Portuguese. Key details regarding the development, translation, and validation phases were summarized. Most of the included studies adhered to standard guidelines throughout the translation process to create a final version of the OSDI questionnaire. This was followed by clinical validation of the final translated version. The majority of the translated versions were assessed for internal consistency, reliability, test–retest repeatability, and discriminant validity.

The original English version of the OSDI was translated into validated versions to achieve a final version in nine different languages. The majority of the translated versions demonstrated high reproducibility and reliability. The different language versions of the questionnaire removed language barriers in informing the eye-care community, evaluating DES, and assisting physicians in advising and managing their patients more suitably. Therefore, the validated versions of OSDI can be used as tools for clinical practice and DES research. Validating the OSDI questionnaire in various languages is essential to eliminate the language barrier in the assessment of dry eye disease.

The present study was an effort for the validation and confirmatory factor analysis of the impulsive behaviors scale among a group of Iranian children. The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all children aged 8 to 12 years old in Tehran. 315 people were selected using available sampling methods. The scale’s face validity was confirmed after its translation with the acquisition of experts’ and subjects’ perspectives. SPSS and AMOS were used for statistical analyses. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis, based on AMOS software, showed that the five-factor structure had a good fit with data of the Iranian sample. Internal consistency coefficients for the lack of perseverance, positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of premeditation and sensation seeking subscales were 0.69, 0.79, 0.66, 0.79 and 0.72, respectively. The results of the present research generally revealed that the children’s impulsive behaviors scale was a valid and reliable instrument capable of measuring impulsive behaviors and could be employed to evaluate impulsive behaviors in research and therapy centers.

Pediatric cancer significantly impacts children's physical, emotional, and social well-being, making quality of life (QoL) assessment essential. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 (PedsQL™ 3.0) includes both child self-report and parent proxy versions, which are widely used to evaluate QoL in children with chronic conditions, including cancer. However, validating its psychometric properties across different cultural contexts is necessary.

A methodological research design was employed for a sample of 200 participants including 100 inpatient children with cancer (mean age ± SD: 9.30 ± 1.85 years) and their mothers (mean age ± SD: 33.61 ± 6.03 years). The content, face, and structural validities of the study were assessed using exploratory factor analyses. The test reliability was also measured through internal consistency calculated with Cronbach's alpha. Moreover, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the test-retest reliability.

The results of the study demonstrated acceptable content and face validity for both the child and mother versions of the instrument. The structural validity analysis revealed a five-factor structure for the child version and a six-factor structure for the mother version. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed with satisfactory Cronbach's alpha values (α = 0.85) for both versions, indicating strong internal consistency. Additionally, the inter-rater reliability was assessed with ICC. The assessments yielded the values of 0.87 for the child version and 0.88 for the mother version, suggesting excellent agreement.

The Persian version of the PedsQL™ 3.0 is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the quality of life in children with cancer and their mothers.

Due to the limited number of valid and reliable tools available to measure the opinions of service recipients regarding the quality of Primary Health Care (PHC), the aim of this study was to develop and validate a patient-centered questionnaire to measure the quality of PHC services.

The initial questionnaire was designed through literature review, and then, nine Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) sessions with 102 participants were held. To determine the content validity of the questionnaire, two qualitative (experts’ opinions and suggestions) and quantitative (CVR & CVI) methods were used. A total of 26 experts and 650 Service Recipients (SRs) participated in the validation process of the questionnaire. To measure reliability, test-retest methods and internal consistency were utilized.

A total of 46 items in five dimensions were recognized as necessary, relevant and understandable by the experts. Content validity was confirmed by experts. According to the experts, the optimal model was explained in the form of five factors: “patient-centeredness”, “continuity of care”, “quality of facilities and basic amenities”, “access and availability” and “trust”. The fit of the extracted model was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis at the desired level. The internal consistency of the constructs and all sub-constructs of the questionnaire was favorable (Cronbach’s alpha=0.942 and ICC=0.868). Also, the results of the test-retest in all constructs and all sub-constructs confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire.

In this study, a valid and reliable questionnaire was developed to measure the quality of PHC services from the perspective of service recipients. This measure could be applied for better management of PHC centers and improving the quality of services.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the inter-tester reliability of the MSI classification test items in patients with neck pain. sixty subjects with neck pain (18-65 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. The examination of each patient, included the evaluation of signs and symptoms during posture and movement tests and the MSI diagnosis of subjects with cervical pain, was performed simultaneously by three testers in one session. Kappa and gamma values were used to determine the measure of agreement between testers for each of the test items and classification judgment. The kappa values for inter-tester reliability of the sign items ranged from 0.36 to 1. For the symptom items kappa values ranged from 0.36 to 1. The kappa values of inter-tester reliability for patients' classification judgments ranged from 0.71 to 0.73. The inter-tester reliability between three testers according to the MSI approach for neck pain classification, sign and symptom was generally acceptable.        Level of evidence: III

The purpose of designing and evaluating the psychometric properties of an activity of daily living (ADL) questionnaire for heart failure (HF) patients is to improve the management of HF patients by accurately identifying their ADL needs and challenges.

This study had two stages: (1) developing the ADL questionnaire and reviewing its items; and (2) evaluating the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The questionnaire items were generated through a literature review. Face validity was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Content validity was determined using content validity index and content validity ratio calculations. Construct validity was examined by having 180 HF patients complete the ADL questionnaire and conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Convergent validity was assessed through Pearson correlation, and inter-rater reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient.

According to the literature and a panel of experts, the questionnaire comprised 13 final items, all of which demonstrated good face validity. The content validity of all items was deemed appropriate. The scale showed a construct validity of 0.98 and a convergent validity of 0.73. It was also found to be reliable, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.97 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.9.

The final ADL questionnaire proved to be a valid and reliable scale for assessing ADL in HF patients, indicating its potential for evaluating disease-specific ADL challenges in this population.

Burnout is characterized by emotional exhaustion and affects diverse professionals, with healthcare students at high risk due to academic and clinical stressors. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory–Student Survey (CBI-SS) has not been studied in healthcare students in the Indian context. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the English version of the CBI-SS.

This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2022, included 416 undergraduate and 107 postgraduate students from health profession institutions at a private university. The response rate was 65.45%. Descriptive and inferential statistics were evaluated for the CBI-SS with 25 items via JMP software. The tool was subjected to content and face validity. The interitem correlation was tested before the scale was subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The EFA indices considered were Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test (KMO) and the Bartlett test of specificity. The CFA fit indices included the degree of freedom, Tucker Lewis index (TLI), freedom ratio (χ²/df), Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Root Mean Square Error Of Approximation (RMSEA), and Normed Fit Index (NFI).

The content validity index averaged 0.9, and face validity was favorable. The Cronbach's alpha scores were between 0.7 and 0.8. The EFA yielded KMO values above 0.9, and Bartlett's test yielded chi-square = 8880.727, df = 300, p < 0.0001. The fit indices for CFA were the Tucker and Lewis indices, with a score of 0.919 and an RMSEA score of 0.068, demonstrating a relationship between the items and the constructs.

This study highlights the usefulness of the CBI-SS in assessing burnout in allied health science and dental student populations. The results indicate that the CBI-SS is a reliable and valid instrument for identifying student burnout and developing strategies to prevent burnout among potentially vulnerable student populations in the Indian context.

Stroke is recognized as the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of both disability and mortality on a global scale. Over the past few decades, the burden of stroke has continued to rise. The CBI, a commonly used tool across various caregiver populations, has demonstrated its effectiveness in comprehensively evaluating the impact of burden. The study is methodological that to the aim of translation and evaluate the validation the Caregiver Burden Inventory among Caregivers of Stroke Patients (CBI).

The 'forward-backward' procedure was applied to translate the questionnaire from English into Persian. One hundred and twelve caregivers of stroke patients were included in this study completed measure (translated version of the CBI). Validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and known group comparison. The Cronbach's alpha was used to assess reliability of the CBI.

The mean age of caregivers of stroke patients was 47.06 (SD=9.07) years and the majority were woman (79.5%). The construct validity of the CBI was assessed using exploratory factor analysis, which identified four factors: Development and Physical health, time-dependence, emotional health and Social Relationships. Together, these factors explained 68.6% of the total variance observed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the CBI was 0.94, with values ranging from 0.80 to 0.93 for its subscales.

The results of this study provide evidence that the Persian version of the CBI is a reliable and valid tool for measuring burden among caregivers of stroke patients. These results can inform the development of interventions to improve caregiving outcomes for both caregivers and stroke patients.

Depression literacy has notable advantages in the early identification and treatment of depression. The current study was conducted with the aim of translating and investigating the validity and reliability of the Depression Literacy Questionnaire (D‑Lit) in Iranian young adults.

The current study entailed a descriptive‑analytical study in which the translation, validation, and preparation of the Persian version of D‑Lit were conducted. It had two stages: translation and validation. In order to check the composite reliability, the statistical population consisted of Iranian adults in the city of Mashhad, and 300 people participated in this study in the form of a census. The content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) indices were used for content validity.

The results of the content validity evaluation of this questionnaire indicated that both the CVR and CVI indices have higher‑than‑average coefficients (0.78 and 0.83). Furthermore, the Cronbach’s alpha value for the components of the D‑Lit was found to be higher than 0.70. In the present study, the questionnaire’s reliability was assessed using the intra‑cluster correlation coefficient (ICC), and the difficulty coefficient for the whole questionnaire and its sub‑components was at a favorable level. Out of 22 questions, 17 questions of this questionnaire were retained and questions 1, 17, and 22 were removed due to low CVR and CVI in the validity stage, and questions 5 and 13 were removed due to common factor load in the factor analysis stage.

According to the content validity and reliability in this study, this tool can be used to identify underlying factors, etiology, and treatment of depression.

An accurate assessment of food intake is necessary to monitor nutritional status. However, differences in cultures and dietary habits between communities make it necessary to create culturally specific tools to evaluate food intake. This study aimed to develop and validate a short food frequency questionnaire (SH‑FFQ) in Iranian adults.

This perspective longitudinal study was conducted during four months. A total of 135 healthy adults over 18 years (both of sex) were included. The 24‑hour dietary recalls (24‑HDRs) (three times per month: A total of 12 numbers) were collected as reference for validation of SH‑FFQ. Participants completed two SH‑FFQ, once at the end of the fourth month for validity, and the second one week after the first administration for reliability assessing.

Reliability analysis showed that the mean difference between the two SH‑FFQs was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). None of the correlation coefficients (rs ) were less than 0.4. There was a substantial or perfect correlation (r > 0.6) in 85.1% and a moderate correlation (r = 0.4–0.6) in 14.9% of food items. For validity assessment, the average values of two SH‑FFQ1 and SH‑FFQ2 (SH‑FFQ) were compared with the average values of 24‑HDRs. All of the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of between SH‑FFQ and 24‑HDRs were equal to or greater than 0.4 (except one item). Moderate correlation (ICC = 0.4–0.6) and substantial or perfect correlation (ICC > 0.6) were observed in 38.3% and 59.6% of food items, respectively.

The current study showed that the developed SH‑FFQ is reliable and valid in Iranian adults. This developed SH‑FFQ can be used in nutritional assessments.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life (MusiQoL) questionnaire for Croatian-speaking MS patients.

Eighty-two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) participated in the study (51 female and 31 male, average age 42.6±11.9 years). The instrument used in this study was MusiQoL questionnaire which was translated into Croatian language using forward-backward translation method. The data was descriptively analysed. Cronbach’s α internal consistency coefficient and test-retest analyses were conducted for reliability. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to analyse the relationship between the MusiQoL index and dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to test construct validity.

The mean value (±standard deviation) for MusiQoL index measured 64.18±17.13, while the dimension scores ranged from 54.73±28.12 to 84.05±18.85. High internal consistency was found for the MusiQoL index (Cronbach’s α: 0,93). All dimensions of the MusiQoL showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.75-0.95). The intra-class correlation coefficient of the MusiQoL dimensions and MusiQoL index were 0.949-0.971 and 0.911, respectively. There was a moderately to strong relationship between MusiQoL index with dimensions (r: 0.43-0.86). Bartlett's significance test of the correlation matrix is ​​high and significant (χ2=2028.41, p<0.001). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was calculated as 0.801. The extracted factors explained 66.10% of the variance and the range of factor loading was 0.52-0.90. 

The Croatian version of the MusiQoL questionnaire is valid and reliable in measuring quality of life among Croatian-speaking MS patients. It is especially useful for measuring health-related quality of life in terms of clinical practice.

To perform effective prevention programs, we need to know how well people follow prevention protocols, like mask use and social distancing, measuring using standard tools. This study aims to develop and validate a brief questionnaire to assess the compliance with prevention protocols against infectious respiratory diseases pandemics including COVID-19 in pedestrians. This cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling method in May and June 2021. Construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Content validity was evaluated by quantitative method, thus, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated. For reliability of the questionnaire, the internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha, and test-retest reliability using Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient were assessed. A total of 324 persons from three provinces of Iran participated in this study. The mean age (SD) of participants was 41.5 (16.7). The CVR values resulted in the elimination of two questions. The Scale level CVI/Average (S-CVI/Ave) was equal to 0.992; and Scale level CVI/Universal Agreement (S-CVI/UA) was 0.889. One factor with five items emerged from principal component factor analysis accounting for 51.99% of the variance. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.76 indicated an acceptable internal consistency and the Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient of 0.939 depicted stability of the questionnaire. This questionnaire is a brief tool with acceptable validity and reliability to evaluate the compliance with preventive protocols during infectious respiratory diseases outbreaks in order for policy-makers to make effective interventions to slow down the spread of disease.

The University of Washington quality of life questionnaire (UW-QOL) is widely used to evaluate the quality of life for head and neck cancer patients. The purpose of this study is translation of the UW-QOL questionnaire's into Persian.

After translation and cultural adaptation of the UW-QOL, the questionnaire was distributed among 100 head and neck cancer patients. Internal reliability of the translated UW-QOL was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The validity was determined by Spearman correlation coefficient between UW-QOL and 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12). The test – retest reliability was measured by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) after one week.

Cronbach's alpha coefficient was more than 0.75 and ICC coefficient was more than 0.80 in all variables. The UW-QOL questionnaire composite score had a positive significant association with SF-12 questionnaire total score (Spearman's Correlation Coefficient= 0.70, P< 0.0001).

In conclusion Persian translation of the UW-QOL questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity and is as valid as the original English version in evaluating the quality of life for patients with head and neck cancer.

The Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q) represents one of the existing tests for assessing these competences in students. The purpose of the present research was to examine the psychometric properties of the SEC-Q in Moroccan nursing students.

A sample of 320 Moroccan nursing students, including 190 women and 130 men, was selected using a stratified convenience sampling method. Methodology consisted of forward and backward translations, linguistic adaptation, and pilot revision. Structural validity was investigated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was assessed through test-retest analysis using Pearson's correlation.

Factor analyses produced a four-factor version of 16 items with a range of factor loadings from 0.72 to 0.89. Cronbach's alpha values were 0.92 for the self-awareness factor, 0.91 for the self-management factor, 0.90 for the social awareness factor, and 0.92 for the decision-making factor. These high values indicate excellent reliability. The test-retest coefficient for a 20-day interval between two assessments gave an rtt value of 0.92, demonstrating excellent response reliability. A strong correlation between the SECQ-AV, WLEIS and PSS-CP was found, demonstrating satisfactory convergent and divergent validity (P < 0.05).

The Arabic version of SECQ demonstrated its validity and reliability for assessing social and emotional competencies in Moroccan nursing students. However, the sample selected was drawn from a single nursing training institute, which limits the representativeness of the entire student population, and makes it difficult to generalize the results. A cross-sectional study will therefore produce much more varied results, by including a very large sample from different regions and different nursing training institutes in Morocco.