religion

The necessity of interaction between various knowledge and interdisciplinary studies is undeniable in today's world. Furthermore, there is a clear need for such studies in the field of human sciences and especially the knowledge that is somehow related to the daily life of the members of the society. Jurisprudence is among these sciences that are related to the lives of citizens, where most of the country's laws have been written under the influence of the teachings of this science.

The present article, in a problem-oriented study and by adopting an analytical method, is dedicated to the study of jurisprudential heritage. In extracting the contents from the available books, the comprehensive software of Ahl al-Bayt jurisprudence was used.

The research report shows that there are examples such as proving parentage, the difference between sexual organs in reproduction, etc., all of which indicate that the knowledge of jurisprudence cannot move toward success without the help of other sciences, and, therefore, there is an undeniable need to use data from other sciences to master jurisprudence. Of course, it is also necessary to mention that since there is a possibility of error in experimental sciences, , there is a need to achieve certainty regarding the data before applying them in jurisprudential matters.

It seems that the science of jurisprudence will not be able to succeed without borrowing data from other sciences, and in fact, in many cases, the accurate understanding of the Shari'i ruling is based on the preliminaries that should be studied in other sciences.

Mental health is crucial for enhancing the quality of life in older adults.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and loneliness, considering the moderating role of religious orientation among the elderly in Karaj city.
Method and Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study of 500 older adults in Karaj, Iran, was conducted in 2020 using cluster sampling. Data was gathered through a demographic checklist, questionnaires on COVID-19 anxiety, Allport and Ross Religious Orientation, and loneliness. Path analysis was employed to assess the moderating role of religious orientation in the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and loneliness.

The mean age of the elderly participants in the study was 70.82 ± 7.99 years. Most were male (n=275, 55%) and married (n=388, 67.6%). Significant correlations were found between psychological anxiety and loneliness, as well as between religious orientation and loneliness (p=0.000, β=-0.584). However, the results did not support a moderating role of religious orientation in the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and loneliness (p=0.999, β=0.000).

The current study did not support the moderating role of religiosity in the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and loneliness; however, further research is recommended to verify these findings.

Breast cancer, one of the most prevalent cancers among women, can pose numerous psychological challenges for patients. In this context, the Quranic lifestyle, as a rich source of religious teachings, can play a significant role in promoting mental health and quality of life among patients.

This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 85 breast cancer patients in the summer of 2023. A questionnaire with eight items in two dimensions was designed. Face validity was determined using the Item Impact Score (IIS), and content validity was assessed using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Exploratory factor analysis was employed to categorize items and identify dimensions for evaluating construct validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency and test-retest reliability was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).

The mean (standard deviation) of participants age was 42.50 (11.58) years. The final version of the scale consisted of 8 items in 2 dimensions. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, and for each dimension, it was greater than 0.80. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed the appropriate fit of the latent variable model.

The validity and reliability of the scale were confirmed in this study. Therefore, this 8-item scale is proposed as a suitable and efficient tool for measuring attitudes towards the Quran, hope, and quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Based on the evidence, participation in congregational prayers positively impacts mental and spiritual health, fostering spiritual guidance. In this regard, the present study aimed to identify the factors contributing to students’ non-attendance in congregational prayers at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and propose solutions to enhance participation in this divine obligation. This descriptive cross-sectional study included 436 students selected through a stratified random sampling method, from a total population of 9471 students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2023. The data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic information and factors affecting participation in congregational prayers. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS  software (version 23). Independent t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients were used to examine the effects of demographic factors on the total questionnaire score. The results of the statistical tests showed that demographic variables, field and level of education, marital status, and age significantly affected the total score of the questionnaire (P<0.05). Married individuals (P=0.014) and professional doctoral students (P=0.034) had higher questionnaire scores. Besides, the scores increased with age (P=0.001). Physical factors, the role of the prayer leader, social influences, and personal inclinations significantly influenced attendance (P≤0.001), while extracurricular activities and the presence of a counselor had no significant effect (P=0.924). The findings suggested that better-equipping prayer halls, organizing extracurricular activities, the effective role of prayer leaders and religious advisors, and the presence of university officials and professors in congregational prayers could encourage students to participate in this divine obligation. University authorities can facilitate maximum participation through better planning and programming.

 The Arbaeen Walk tradition has emerged as an annual religious event throughout the history of Shiism. The purpose of the current research is to understand the lived experience of pilgrims during the Arbaeen pilgrimage.

 This research uses the qualitative paradigm and interpretive phenomenological method. The statistical population included the pilgrims of the Arbaeen, out of whom 39 pilgrims were selected as the statistical sample by available sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the data, inductive content analysis based on open coding was used.

 The results indicate that, according to the pilgrims, the health factors that are effective in the Arbaeen Walk, which cause their satisfaction to decrease during this route, include the lack of drinks (lack of drinking water, lack of ice), lack of medical and health items (lack of medicine, lack of examination beds), lack of education for pilgrims before the trip through the media (pre-trip education), weak hygiene and cleanliness (bathroom, toilet and poor hygiene), lack of new facilities (difficulties in obtaining passports, lack of ancillary facilities, lack of accommodation), the problems related to processions (management of processions, obtaining medical license for cooks), lack of cultural advertising, chaotic and crowded borders, poor government management, the high cost of rent, and lack of information and guide for pilgrims. Finally, among these obstacles, the biggest obstacles from the point of view of pilgrims are the lack of drinks, the high cost of transportation, and poor hygiene and cleanliness.

 Based on the findings, it can be said that providing all kinds of health and medical services to visitors can help to improve the health level of visitors.

During times of crisis, the family caregivers of older adults need heightened attention to their own health. This study aimed to examine the impact of religious spiritual care training on the ability and spiritual health of family caregivers of older adults in Bushehr, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A field trial was conducted on 80 family caregivers of older adults referring to comprehensive health centers and the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center in Bushehr by random sampling in 2022. Pouladi’s ability questionnaire and Polotzin's and Ellison's Spiritual Health Questionnaire were administered. The experimental group received spiritual religious training. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 19.

The mean change in the total ability scores was -0.87 ± 8.44 in the experimental group, while the control group exhibited a mean change of 0.27 ± 0.87. The mean change in the total spiritual health scores was 5.05 ± 11.12 in the experimental and -0.47 ± 0.96 in the control groups. Religious spiritual care training was effective in improving the physical-psychological ability of the research population (p=0.045), but it was not effective on the other areas of ability and overall ability (p>0.05). Religious spiritual intervention was effective in improving the existential dimension of spiritual health (p=0.001) and overall spiritual health (p=0.002), but it was not effective on the religious dimension of spiritual health (p>0.05)

The effect of spiritual religious care training on physical-psychological ability and the existential dimension of spiritual health in the caregivers indicates the usefulness of the religious spiritual care model for strengthening the caregivers' physical, psychological, and care behavior. Further studies are recommended to explore the factors contributing to the other domains of ability and the religious dimension of spiritual health and to enhance caregivers' empowerment and spiritual health.

Nurses working in different departments of the hospital are exposed to mental health problems due to their hard-working conditions, so it seems important and necessary to identify variables that contribute to their mental well-being. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between religious orientation and distress tolerance, considering the mediation role of spiritual health in nurses.

The present research is a correlation of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of this research included all nurses of Shiraz public hospitals. The sample size was determined using the Karjesi and Morgan table and the number of 377 people were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments used included Simmons and Gaher's distress tolerance scale (2005), Golriz and Brahini's religious orientation scale (2003) and Palotzian and Ellison's (1982) spiritual health scale. Data analysis was done with Structural equationanalysis method. with the help of AMOS and SPSS-21 software.

The results showed that the evaluated model has a good fit. Based on the results of the structural equation model, religious orientation both directly and indirectly through spiritual health increases the distress tolerance in nurses

spiritual health and religious orientation have an undeniable role in nurses' coping with confusion and timely use of their psychological capacity, and on this basis, by strengthening the orientation the religious attitude and spiritual health of the nurses helped to improve their tolerance of distress.

The Holy Qur'an defines a dual outcome for the believers' jihad in the front of truth, which either leads to victory or martyrdom, and it describes these two as "one of the two virtues" so that there is no negative view of these difficult conditions. be The specific question in the current research is that, based on the view of the Ahl al-Bayt, can the Qur'anic idea mentioned in the definition of the floating end of the good be extended and adapted to the condition of the patient? ? Based on the findings of the comparative analytical method, the Ahl al-Bayt have defined two types of double goodness in two situations: disease leading to health and disease leading to death (with the condition of being a believer). In the first type, the goodness of increasing the ranks of the believer or the goodness of removing the sins of the believer is defined. In the second type, the duality of goodness in death is depicted by freedom from the pain and suffering of the world, or goodness in death by cleansing from sins. As a result, it was found that religious education enlightens the believer patient's view of his future under any circumstances and eliminates any negativity towards the future. Also, the spiritual effects of the disease in the believer's view find maximum inclusion in the faith society; Not that only believers who have a high position can achieve it.

 Social trust is one of the social phenomena that plays a vital role in human relationships and interactions and provides the cohesion and integration of society by creating strong social bonds. In the meantime, transparency in the various elements of the government can also be considered as an effective mechanism to support citizens' rights. It is worth mentioning that hypocrisy is especially emphasized in Islam as an anti-social trend. Considering the importance of the subject and the gap in the previous studies in this field, this research aims to examine the relationship between perception of transparency in the religiosity of officials according to the teachings of Nahj al-Balagha and the social trust of citizens.

 The present study is practical in terms of its purpose, and descriptive and field-based in terms of the method of data collection. In order to investigate the relationship between research variables in the field, 428 MA students, PhD candidates and faculty members of Tehran, Mazandaran, Qom and Semnan universities were selected as a statistical population by available sampling method. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data and to analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis tests and structural equation modeling on LISREL software and mean test on SPSS software version 16 were used. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

 The results of the statistical tests indicated that the perception of transparency in the religiosity of the officials had a positive and significant effect on the social trust of the citizens (P=0.59; T=8.53). This means that the more transparency in the religiousness of officials is observed and perceived, the more social trust among citizens there will be. In addition, the analysis of the responses of the statistical community indicates that the level of transparency in the religiosity of officials and the level of social trust of citizens is more than the average value.

 The results of the present study indicate that according to the obtained factor loadings, improving each of the indicators of transparency in the religiosity of the officials leads to the improvement of the level of social trust of the citizens. Therefore, according to the current status of each of the components, it is necessary for the society officials to try to improve the transparency of each of the components of religiosity in order to improve the social trust of the citizens.

The present research was conducted with the aim of obtaining the extent and manner of the influence of watching or listening to religious programs on radio and television in improving the religiosity of the audience. Religion, as a social institution, plays a fundamental role in the formation of norms and values ​​of religious society and guides its audience towards happiness and perfection. To achieve its goals, this social institution uses various tools, one of which is the mass communication media, and since in the Islamic Republic of Iran, radio and television - the national media - is the most important mass media, determining the role of this media It is necessary to achieve this important goal.To conduct this research, a survey research method was used. The statistical population of the research was literate people aged 15 to 60 living in Sari city, and 317 of them were selected as sample people using multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with sample people. Chi-square statistical test was also used to analyze the findings.The findings show that 51.1% of the viewers or listeners of radio and television programs were users of religious programs. 11.5% were follow-up viewers and 46.2% were non-follow-up viewers. It means that almost half of the audience of religious programs are not very active in using these programs and do not follow them seriously. The most important finding of the research is that only 46% of the audience of religious and religious TV programs have evaluated the performance of these programs as successful and completely successful in promoting the religiosity of the people. Only 49.4% completely agreed or agreed with the current quality of this program. The politicization of religious programs was the most important criticism expressed by the audience towards these programs. Only 10% of the respondents used radio and television programs as a source of religious information.

Human relationships are effective in spiritual health and interact with each other, and based on that, we can consider spiritual health as a fundamental factor for dealing with problems and challenges, especially in institutions with different, numerous and continuous client relationships. The current research seeks to identify the four challenges of human relationships and its effect on health with a case study of the financial institution.

Case study of the research is 21 employees of a financial institution, the initial assessment of the employees was with Polotzin and Ellison questionnaire, and in the next step, the answers of the employees were analyzed using SPSS. Corresponding to the results of the questionnaire analysis, the interview tool was used to identify the root of the challenges, and content and discourse analysis were used to analyze the interview.

The average spiritual health in people was 85.8 with a standard deviation of 11. According to the thresholds set for this questionnaire, the average of people is in the average range. At the same time, separately, average religious health is 48.4 and existential health is 37.3. The level of spiritual health in the tested subjects, based on the spiritual health questionnaire of Polotzin and Ellison, is at an average level. The observed difference between the level of religious health and existential health is also significant. It seems that in the dimension of existential health compared to religious health, the scores are at a lower level.

Among the four types of relationships, employees had challenges in relationships with others. Based on this, a series of workshops on verbal and non-verbal communication skills will be held in order to improve. By applying the mentioned principles in these workshops, a significant effect was observed in promoting existential health and ultimately spiritual health, and finally, relationships with clients and productivity improved

The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of religious attitude on the critical thinking of students in the field of educational management of Azad University, Bushehr branch.
The research method was applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of execution method. The statistical population included 216 students of Bushehr Azad University's educational management field in 1402. In the present study, the statistical sample size was determined by using Cochran's formula of 120 people who were selected in the accessible way. The research questionnaires include the religious attitude measurement questionnaire (religiosity scale) by Khodayari Fard et al. (2012) with four components of religious belief, religious emotions, religious behavior and social pretense in the form of 40 questions, as well as the critical thinking questionnaire of California Fashion (1989) in the form of 24 was a question and data analysis was done in SPSS software version 26.
The findings showed that the components of religious attitude including religious belief, religious emotions, religious behavior and social pretense are 17.9%, 28%, 15.9% and 21% effective on students' critical thinking, respectively.
The results showed that religious attitude has a 30% effect on the critical thinking of students in the field of educational management of Bushehr Azad University, and in other words, one unit increase in the variable of religious attitude leads to an increase of 0.763 units in the variable of critical thinking in students of the field of educational management. It can be a conclusion; it should be mentioned that critical thinking is one of the most important elements of liberating education.

Spiritual health is one of the four dimensions of health, and its full acquisition leads to the dynamic progression of other dimensions of health. Spiritual health is a state of having and experiencing a sense of acceptance, connection to a higher power, and following a path towards the desired strength and integrity in one's entire existence based on the determined path. The present study aims to examine and identify the influential components of spiritual health in the well-being of adolescents to pave the way for future research.

This study was conducted using a descriptive library-based method and a systematic review of all Persian and English articles published between 2017 and 2023 related to spiritual health and adolescent health in databases such as the Scientific Information Database of Jihad University, national journals, the Iranian Institute for Research and Development in Medical Sciences, and international databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, using relevant keyword combinations. In this range, more than 190 documents were obtained. The data related to research questions regarding the relationship and impact of spiritual health on various dimensions of adolescent growth were examined. The authors of the articles did not report any conflicts of interest.

By examining the selected documents, the findings showed that a focus on the spiritual aspect prepares individuals for coping with illness and problems by enhancing their self-perception as complete human beings. It plays a significant role in improving the quality of life and social performance of adolescents.

Based on the research findings, it can be stated that religion and spirituality act as protective factors against the negative effects of life stressors on mental health. By promoting happiness, well-being, self-esteem, resilience, contentment, hope, and the development of a healthy personality, it contributes to increasing general self-efficacy, social functioning, and reducing delinquency and risky behaviors. Furthermore, it has practical implications for the education and upbringing of adolescents.