review article

Introduction Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating, which may have a primary or secondary cause. The first step in managing hyperhidrosis is to determine the type of hyperhidrosis as primary or secondary. The therapeutic options depend on the type of hyperhidrosis and are divided into topical, systemic, and procedural modalities. Importantly, the first line in the treatment of secondary hyperhidrosis is to remove the underlying cause. Hyperhidrosis can be treated in different ways, but the best option varies depending on the person's specific condition. To decide on the most suitable treatment, a thorough history and clinical examination are necessary, as well as taking into account the patient's personal and social circumstances. To provide comprehensive and up-to-date information about the diagnosis, etiologies, and treatment methods of hyperhidrosis, this article aims to address the significant prevalence of the condition and its impact on various dimensions of the patient's life.

Adolescents are vulnerable groups who experience one-third of all new cases of abuse and higher rates of sexual abuse. Evidence of sexual abuse of adolescents has been shown to have short-term and long-term effects on their psychological functions. Therefore, the present study was performed to review the complications and rehabilitation of adolescent rape.

This study was conducted by searching Persian and English databases including Elsevier Proquest, UpToDate, Scopus, Magiran, Irandoc, SID, Iran medex, Sciencedirect, Ebsco, Pubmed, Google Scholar. To extract related articles, the keywords rape, adolescents, prevention, rehabilitation and their Latin equivalents were used: sexual abuse, adolescents, prevention, and rehabilitation. In this study, articles published from January 2000 to December 2016 that aimed to investigate the effects and rehabilitation of adolescent rape were considered. Criteria for inclusion in this study were writing in Persian or English, working on rape in the adolescent age group, reporting complications and rehabilitation in adolescent rape, choosing the right method in the studies. The information extracted from the study was: study location, number of participants, demographic characteristics of the participants, duration of the study, complications following adolescent rape and rehabilitation methods in them.

Out of 59 related articles, 41 articles were excluded due to lack of expression of complications or rehabilitation in adolescent rape, and finally 18 studies were included in the review study. To collect information from the studies, the articles were carefully reviewed and the results were extracted. The topics covered in the study included sexually transmitted diseases, substance and alcohol abuse, unwanted pregnancies and abortions, psychological disorders, high-risk sexual behavior, treatment and rehabilitation of raped adolescents, and sex education for adolescents.

Rape is more common among teens than any other age group and has many side effects, which can be mental or physical, short-term or long-term. Therefore, it is necessary to consider programs to prevent rape in adolescents and provide appropriate solutions to rehabilitate sexual victims, including reproductive health education in schools, comprehensive community-based awareness, and open discussion about sex and reproductive health issues with Adolescents at family and school level. In addition, to improve adolescent sexual health, sexual abuse prevention plans should be strengthened and awareness of sexual health issues should be considered.

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that need a lot of care. Theories play an important role in improving the quality of care, and Orem’s self-care theory is pioneering in this field. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct an integrated review of the application of Orem’s theory in the care of diabetic patients.

The present study is an integrated review study of articles published from 2010 to 2022 that were collected from databases including SID, Magiran, Iranmedex, Irandoc, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and PubMed using the keywords, such as Orem, self-care, diabetes, Orem model and their Latin equivalents. The study procedure included five stages of text search, text selection, data evaluation, data extraction, and data classification in studies on the application of Orem’s self-care model on diabetes.

The initial search results included 243 articles. A total number of 14 articles were selected and included in the study after the careful examination of the titles, abstracts, and texts of the collected articles. The majority of studies have been conducted in Iran. All studies were interventional and five articles had a clinical trial design. Moreover, the studied variables included the main components of Orem’s theory, quality of life, laboratory factors such as blood sugar or glycosylated hemoglobin, adherence to treatment, self-efficacy, and peripheral neuropathy. All the studies were performed on the adult population and interventions were often conducted in the form of training sessions. In all the studies, interventions had a positive and significant effect on the variables under study.

Considering the positive results of interventions based on Orem’s self-care theory on the consequences of diabetic patients, it is recommended to remove the barriers to the application of the theory in the clinic. Furthermore, efforts should be made to translate knowledge and support upstream organizations in this regard. It is also suggested to pay attention to the acute complications of diabetes, study this disease in the pediatric population, and perform interventions with strong plans for researchers interested in this field.

Falls are one of the most common and serious problems in the elderly, having a threatening consequence for them. Therefore, finding the most effective nursing interventions to maintain the health and safety of this age group is very necessary, so this study was conducted to investigate the nursing interventions performed in field of the elderly falling.

By searching the databases; SID, IranDoc, Google scholar, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and using the keywords "Elder", "Prevention", "Intervention" and "Fall/Falling"; all articles examining nursing interventions in prevention of falling in older adults, were included in the study. Electronic search was performed during 2015-2021. From 72 studies which were reviewed and screened, 20 studies were evaluated and analyzed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria for data extraction.

Findings of 20 selected studies showed; falling is one of the most important harmful factors for older adults that have adverse effects on their health status. According to the findings, making the environment safer, performing periodic examinations, teaching safe and self-care behaviors to the elderly, adjusting medication and exercising are the most effective steps to reduce and moderate the risk of fall in the elderly.

According to reviewed studies, despite the fact that old age, due to physical and mental limitations, puts older adults at a higher risk of falling, but with a set of measures, the risk and injury extent can be reduced. Maintaining the elderly health and preventing their injuries is one of the most important health care providers’ duties and can provide a dynamic and qualified period for them, so trying to find effective interventions to prevent and reduce risk of falling in these people should always be considered.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has led to unprecedented psychological stress on people around the world, and in this situation, mental health promotion is too important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the common psychological disorders, people at risk and preventive strategies for psychological disorders during COVID-19.

In this narrative review, electronic databases including SID, Iran Doc, Magiran, Google Scholar، ProQuest، Scopus، Science Direct, Web of Science and PubMed were searched to retrieve articles published from the beginning of 2020 to 31 August 2020 by using  English and Persian keywords such as psychiatric disorders, Covid-19, anxiety disorder, stress disorders and post-traumatic. Inclusion criteria were descriptive, cross-sectional, review, experimental and expert panel studies, and exclusion criteria included letters to the editor, poster or lecture and lack of access to the full text. Totally, 72 of 507 articles met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated.

Depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were the most common psychological disorders. Other psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, paranoia, panic attacks and sleep disorders were reported more than before the covid-19 outbreak. The elderly people with chronic diseases, woman, people spending too much time thinking about the outbreak, medical and health staff and students as well as relatives of a person with Covid-19 were at high risk of psychological disorders. The most effective preventive strategies were based on virtual training and consulting.

Based on the results, it is suggested that health system officials with early recognition of common psychological disorders and at-risk individuals should prepare care and prevention protocols specific to each group in an operational manner and with a high penetration rate.

Considering the role of ethics in the field of nursing, performing interventions related to professional ethics from the student period is an undeniable necessity and has a significant role in improving the quality of patientschr('39') medical services. The aim of this study was to review the interventions related to professional ethics in nursing students.

This narrative review study was conducted to search interventional articles without time limit in Pub Med, Ovid, IranMedex, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Elsevier and Science Direct databases with Persian and English keywords such as ethical codes, nursing students and nursing ethics. After searching from 1980 to 2020, 34 articles were found, of which15 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria. These studies were analyzed in 5 steps based on a review framework of Sidani & Braden’s articles.

The content of the interventions was done in 3 areas: "Ethics in general", "Identification of ethical problems" and "Ethical empowerment". In all studies, standard tools such as the Ethical Environment Scale, Corley’s Moral Distress Scale and Ethical Sensitivity Scale were used to collect information. According to the results of the studies, educational interventions lead to improve studentschr('39') knowledge, attitudes and practices related to ethical codes as well as improve outcomes related to the patient and organization.

The findings showed that the interventions related to professional ethics lead to the implementation of ethical codes for nursing students in the clinical setting. Therefore, administrators and professors of nursing schools can improve the knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing students by holding training workshops for students.

A green hospital is established to increase competitiveness, productivity, and cost savings to save resources and energy. This study is performed to identify and classify factors determining a green hospital.

The five-step guideline of the University of York, York, England, for conducting systematic scoping reviews of the field of study was employed in this study. Searching for foreign and domestic scientific databases in both English and Persian, with a time limit from 2015 to 2019 was performed using keywords including criteria, dimensions, components, and approaches to green or eco-friendly hospitals. Finally, this study was carried out by reviewing 25 articles published in Iran and abroad in the field of green hospital which were selected out of 10493 articles.

Green criteria were identified in 15 dimensions and five environmental, economic, social, health, and novelty categories. The data collection indicated the method for collecting data and the data interpretation addressed analyzing and processing the data collected.

In this study, different criteria for a green hospital deployment pattern in five environmental, economic, social, health, and innovation categories were obtained. Green hospital standards are a good model for establishing an environmentally sound health care

Research is a way of developing a body of knowledge and movement toward an influential profession. A case study has been commonly used in humanistic and medical sciences, even though generally was considered an underutilized strategy in community-based nursing especially in Iran; so we decided to introduce nurse researchers with detailed issues of this research strategy in this article. Some researches reiterated case studies' appropriateness in theory generation when dealing with new phenomena, events, techniques, processes, or a complex real-life activity in a great-depth and holistic view.  Some authors criticized this research strategy as lacking scientific rigor and not addressing generalization. Therefore, it is underutilized in nursing. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the appropriateness of the case study as a nursing research strategy and discussing methodological considerations about it.To this end, we reviewed recent literature consisting 46 references (11 textbooks of nursing research) and other articles and books on case study methodology from medical and nursing databases. The result was the extraction of the main concepts such as different case studies' applications, methods, and designs to planning, conducting and reporting a case study research as well as other issues such as sampling, data gathering, analysis, and reporting of derived results with several examples in each section and discussing considerations about this strategy. To conclude, there are possibilities in nursing clinical, administrational, and educational issues as well as preventive health care for doing case studies in nursing. Thus nurses should know case-studies' methodology and practice to be able to conduct it appropriately when necessary.