rule

The rule of obligation is one of the well-known jurisprudential rules but also one of the consensus rules, and Shiite jurists agree on proving the rule and its course in Imami jurisprudence. Therefore, from the point of view of Shiite jurists, the rule of obligation is a jurisprudential rule that allows the Shiites to oblige the followers of Sunnis or followers of other religions to their beliefs and benefit from it. Therefore, the discussion of the rule of obligation has a special place in jurisprudence. Islam, which is a divine and heavenly ritual, has provided comprehensive insights not only in the fields of human belief, thought and attitude, but also in practical areas, guidelines, based on the basics of logic, which can be referred to as the "rule of obligation", a rule that is referred to as the coexistence of jurisprudence. The results of the research show that on the basis of this rule, every religion is bound by the same rules and laws that it believes itself in, this is the same meaning of the Hadith known as "Al-Zumoham Bama Al-Zammah". In terms of scope and application, it is also a general rule that, in addition to personal status, is applicable to all or most of the jurisprudential subjects.

Doing household chores is not one of the duties that a woman is legally responsible for by marriage. The duties that a woman is legally responsible for by marriage are two categories: a set of common duties between couples and a set of duties specific to each. Doing housework such as cooking, cleaning and service is not a specific task. The rule of respect for Muslim property is one of the rules that proves the reward of women's housekeeping. The method of collecting information in this research is library. And it is a method of rational-narrative research. One of the principles governing women's economic rights is the principle of respect for work; the principle of work is that everyone has respect and can be involved in legal exchanges. The legislature therefore stipulates that whenever a person acts in accordance with another matter for which he is traditionally remunerated, or if that person is normally prepared for that action, he shall be entitled to his own remuneration; Unless it turns out that he intended to donate. This general rule governs all financial relations of individuals. Family relationships are no exception; Therefore, this rule can be considered as governing the couple's relationship. This is considered as a strong reason that a woman's work at home is also considered property; Because if the wife does not do the service work, the husband has to pay for it. Therefore, a woman's work has a material value, and if she is not paid, it is considered a waste. On the other hand, this can affect family health and social lifestyle.

The rule of maintaining order is one of the most important rules that has been studied under the secondary provisions, and considering the extent of the provisions of this rule in terms of criminal law, private law and public law, it can be said that the implementation of provisions resulting from maintaining order can According to the implementation of the provisions of jurisprudential rules, such as the no-harm rule, the rule of domination, the rule of iodine, the rule of guarantee of iodine, etc., and the following legal principles such as the principle of expediency, the principle of enforceability of rulings, Society, the principle of legality of the sentence and dozens of other principles should be examined. The rule of maintaining order is a solution in exceptional circumstances, and the jurists, according to this rule, have forbidden any issue that disrupts the system, and have issued a fatwa on what is necessary to maintain order, and therefore the issue of the correct implementation of this The rulings that have been set in order to maintain the system and prevent the disruption of the system are important. Since the application of this rule will be possible in order to execute the binding sentence, therefore, studying the rules and principles governing the rule of maintaining order in the execution of the sentence is important in both jurisprudential and legal dimensions according to the library method. And analysis and description of the contents are studied in the present article.

Brucellosis is the most common disease in humans and animals, where its distribution is roughly global, so the control of this disease has an important impact on human health and livestock industry. The most important causes of this disease are environmental parameters (location). In this regard, identifying and discovering the relationship between environmental parameters and the outbreak and incidence of the disease can be effective in controlling and providing preventive measures and thus reducing the cost of treatment for humans and animals.

In this research, using spatial data and multidimensional association rules, the association between the occurrence of Brucellosis with environmental and human parameters such as temperature, humidity, altitude, land use, occupation and history of contact with the livestock and use of non-pasteurized dairy has been investigated with emphasis on location. The statistical population of this study is people with brucellosis in Hamedan province in 1394.

The results of this study indicate that factors of location and non location included temperature, altitude, humidity, history used of non-pasteurized dairy, history of contact with infected animals sick people, job and land use, can be effective in the spread of the disease.

The results of the study show that the factors of temperature and elevation have had more effects in the discovered laws, so that areas with higher temperatures and lower altitudes than other areas include more patients. Also, people with agricultural and livestock jobs occupy the highest rates of patients in the laws that were discovered.

Health system reform confronts hospitals with a lot of patients and their companions. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of patients’ companions toward hospitals rules and nurses’ rights.

This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted through a multistage cluster random sampling of patients’ first degree relatives who had accompanied their patients in main public hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. Valid and reliable questionnaire was filled for each interviewee by a face to face interview. Data were analyzed using SPSS.

Mean age of 423 interviewees was 36.7±11.7 years with female to male ratio of 1.29. 292(67.4%) were educated until the end of high school, while 264(61.1%) had a kind of job. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward hospitals’ rules and nurses’ rights were inappropriate in 61(14.1%), 84(19.4%) and 221(51.2%) respectively. Moreover, Sum score of these variables was inappropriate in 102(23.6%). Correlation between knowledge and practice was 0.44(p<0.001). Total score of knowledge, attitude and practice had a significant association with the kind of hospital, gender, level of education, marital status, being bread-winner of family, having a job, patients’ finance providing, cohabitation with patient in the same place, admission ward of patient, last time of interviewee’s admission in hospital and amount and source of information about hospitals rules and nurses’ rights.

Inappropriate practice of patients’ companions toward hospitals rules is associated with violence against nurses, their burnout and decreasing quality of hospital services. Therefore, following health system reform in Iran and increasing trend of referrals to hospitals, efficient interventions to improve this index is recommended.

Increasing the incidence of incurable illnesses, and consequently the gradual death of both, and the need to compensate for the damage caused by the principle of compensation, as well as ambiguity in existing laws, on the other hand, have led lawyers to resolve the problem in this regard. Since most of our country's legal rules and regulations are based on the rules of jurisprudence of the Imamites, these rules can be helpful in dealing with new problems, This article has been written using a descriptive-analytic study method with the aim of explaining and analyzing jurisprudential rules that can be used as a basis for compensating for the consequences of gradual deaths. Some consider the Principe of no harm as sufficient for proving indemnification, while this rule is set forth only to eliminate the harm, rather than proof of the bail. Rules of wasting and causation run in cases where damage entry is mediated without mediation. Some believe that the rule of deception applies only when a person intentionally inflict harm on others; however, this rule applies in both cases, whether the harm is inflicted intentionally or unintentionally. According to studies, Rules of wasting, causation and deception in the issue of compensating for the causes of gradual death are important factors that can be cited by these rules, individuals who are responsible for transmitting disease to other people, are responsible for the compensation.

ABSTRACT Medical ethics methodology, beside the explanation of extraction and verdict inference methods and considered problems in medical ethics, proceeds two other subjects: 1- Using method from medical ethics framework to establish and to conform it to the affected cases. 2- Presentation practical duty at the time of law or verdict case absence. These two important parts of methodology will be studied and analyzed in the present article. This is a library, descriptive and analytical study. The efforts have been conducted to explain and provide moral decision making method for the personnel in clinics. Law and religious precepts are the most important references for moral decision making in medical ethics. Doubting in the law or verdict of any case evaluation and exactness seem necessary to remove doubt as much as possible. If one could not pretense any law or verdict for his (her) decision, the efforts should be conducted to improve the way of decision making by the help of medical ethics rules. The priority references of medical ethics decision making in Islam are as follows: • Law • Qualified jurisprudent verdict • Religious jurisprudence rules supervising on the medical ethics.

Background and goal: incentives of having children make people who are not fertile to experience various assisted methods of reproduction. Surrogate mother method is one of the ways that typically has utilized after testing other ways for infertile couple in two forms of partial and complete surrogacy. Complete surrogating method that in which surrogate mother is the only responsible for the embryo resulting from sperm and egg fertilization of infertile couple, has multiple challenges that one of them is the ethical validity of its utilization.The main question in ethical investigation of surrogate mother method utilization is to: could we count the act of infertile couple and surrogate mother ethical, based on rule-based moral perspective to the point where both the parents and the society will be Beneficiary. The descriptive and analytical study in this research using library resources, explain the concepts and principles, and then the validity of surrogacy on rule-based ethics is reviewed. as the criterion of morality in rule-based moral is the collective benefit for an act and placing it in the context of a moral principle, in one hand, influence of social, cultural, economic, and political variables and the other hand diversity of people and influence of the surrogate mother method, make us could not have a judgment on the overall usefulness of this approach for society and get it an accepted moral principle, such as sacrifice. However, undoubtedly the use of this method in different situations and in some cases, the benefits are considerable.

Saving patient's lives is an important duty for physicians. Regardless of the level of a physician’s skills, there is always a possibility of damage or loss in patients’ life. In jurisprudence, there is a dispute as to whether a physician is responsible if he commits medical mistakes in the course of treatment. Some scholars believe that a physician is always responsible for damages related to his professional mistakes whether he has obtained permission or not. They base their arguments on the generality of the related narrations of ajir (hired) and juridical rules such as Itlaf (destruction), Tasbib (causing damages), La darar (denegation of harmfulness) and Qorur (deception). On the other hand, some others believe that physicians are never responsible for such damages. They base their arguments on the Ihsan (beneficence) rule and Bara’ah (quittance) principle. They argue that physicians have not undertaken achieving the improvement result and they are merely responsible for treatment of the patients. According to Bara’ah principle, physicians could be released from such responsibility. In other words, they are always responsible unless they obtain quittance from their patients. This argument is based on the general rules of al-osr wal-haraj (denegation of hardships) in the society along with Sokuni’s narration. In addition, the necessity of commitment to conditions is another reason for this argument. Exploring the grounds of responsibility (al-ziman) and the grounds for their release from al-ziman the latter argument proves to be more acceptable. Therefore physicians should obtain permission from the patients or their guardians before taking medical actions and also the veterinary should obtain quittance from the owner of animal. Theses evidences are stronger and they are not responsible after obtaining quittance.