self-criticism

eventhough fatigue had been considered as one of the main symptoms of depression, few research has been conducted about it. Both antidepressants and psychotherapies has difficulty treating fatigue. Self-criticism which is highly related with fatigue, is considerd as an obstacle in treating depressed patients. the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy on fatigue and self-criticism of depressed patients. this was a randomized controlled trial and from patients with Major Depressive disorder of neuropsychiatric clinics in Qom during winter 2023, 64 eligible individuals were selected using randomized clustered sampling and were randomly assigned into intervention (ISTDP) and control group. The data from Multidimentional Fatigue Index (MFI-20) and Self-criticsm Scale (SCS) in pretest and posttest were analyzed via SPSS-26 through analyze of covariance (MANCOVA). The results of the multivariate covariance test showed that there is a significant difference between the ISTDP group and the control group in a combination of variables of fatigue and self-criticism (F=36.81 and P<0.5). Also, the results of Bonferoni's post hoc test showed that the average of the group receiving the ISTDP program is significantly less than the average of the control group in both the variable of fatigue and the variable self-criticism (P<0/05). According to the results of the research, it can be said that the ISTDP can be an effective treatment for fatigue and self-criticism of depressed patients.

HIV is one of the problems that can cause psychological problems, so the methods of treating the psychological problems of these patients should be determined. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and compassion therapy on self-criticism and stigma in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

The present study was a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type with two experimental groups (schema therapy and compassion therapy) and a control group with a 3-month follow-up test. The statistical population of this research includes all the people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (+HIV) who have not yet reached the stage of AIDS and who were in Imam Khomeini (RA) hospital in Tehran in the period of 1401-1402, who had a case file and to receive medical services and They referred to this center. The sampling method in this research was firstly targeted sampling and 60 people (20 people in each group) were selected as a sample. Mixed analysis with repeated measurements with SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis.

The results showed that both schema therapy and compassion therapy were effective in reducing self-criticism and stigma (p<001). Also, the results showed that the effectiveness of compassion therapy on reducing self-criticism and schema therapy on reducing astigmatism was higher (p<001).

Both schema therapy and compassion therapy are effective and it is necessary to pay attention to these two interventions in the psychological challenges of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sufferers.

eventhough fatigue had been considered as one of the main symptoms of depression, few research has been conducted about it. Both antidepressants and psychotherapies has difficulty treating fatigue. Self-criticism which is highly related with fatigue, is considerd as an obstacle in treating depressed patients. the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy on fatigue and self-criticism of depressed patients.

this was a randomized controlled trial and from patients with Major Depressive disorder of neuropsychiatric clinics in Qom during winter 2023, 64 eligible individuals were selected using randomized clustered sampling and were randomly assigned into intervention (ISTDP) and control group. The data from Multidimentional Fatigue Index (MFI-20) and Self-criticsm Scale (SCS) in pretest and posttest were analyzed via SPSS-26 through analyze of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results of the multivariate covariance test showed that there is a significant difference between the ISTDP group and the control group in a combination of variables of fatigue and self-criticism (F=36.81 and P<0.5). Also, the results of Bonferoni's post hoc test showed that the average of the group receiving the ISTDP program is significantly less than the average of the control group in both the variable of fatigue and the variable self-criticism (P<0/05).

According to the results of the research, it can be said that the ISTDP can be an effective treatment for fatigue and self-criticism of depressed patients.

Social anxiety disorder is a highly complex, chronic, disabling, and costly anxiety disorder that requires effective treatment with empirical support. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) shows great promise in effective treatment of social anxiety disorder. It is particularly suitable for the treatment of social anxiety disorder since pervasive emotional avoidance, difficulties with emotional differentiation, and high levels of self-criticism, which are central psychopathological processes in social anxiety disorder, are also primary therapeutic targets in EFT. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the new developments of emotion-oriented treatment for social anxiety disorder. In this systematic review study, a query was conducted on international and domestic databases from 2010 to 2024. To search, a combination of "emotion-oriented therapy and social anxiety disorder," "emotion management and social anxiety disorder," "emotion regulation and social anxiety disorder," and "excitement and social anxiety" in both Farsi and English languages in Magiran, SID, IranDoc, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, and PubMed databases were used. The search yielded 131 articles, of which 23 papers were included in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings were analyzed in three areas: " emotion-focused therapy perspective on the etiology of social anxiety disorder," "change process in emotion-focused therapy for social anxiety and its relationship," and "effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy for social anxiety." As evidenced by the obtained results, EFT leads to corrective emotional experiences in social situations so that when people face social situations in which there is a possibility of being judged, they will not have unpleasant emotional experiences as before. Accordingly, they will have less negative thoughts and obtain more positive results from that event after facing a particular event.

Social anxiety disorder is an intense and persistent fear of being watched and judged by others. This fear can affect work, school, and other daily activities. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of self-criticism regarding the fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety of medical students.

This is a correlational research conducted using structural equations. The statistical population of the research consisted of all doctoral students of medical sciences in Yazd in the academic year 1400-1401. The sample size of 227 people was determined and sampling was done by voluntary sampling method. The research tools included the social anxiety scale (Jarabek, 1996), self-criticism (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004) and fear of negative evaluation (Leary, 1983), which was published online. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling, utilizing SPSS26 and Amos24 software.

The direct effect of fear of negative evaluation on social anxiety was significant (P=0/001). the direct effect of self-criticism on social anxiety (P=0/041), and the direct effect of fear of negative evaluation on self-criticism (P=0/001) were significant. Bootstrap results further indicated that the indirect effect of fear of negative evaluation on social anxiety through self-criticism was significant (P=0/019).

These findings highlight self-criticism as a significant mediator between fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety in medical students, emphasizing the importance of addressing self-perception in interventions.

Paying attention to critical thinking is one of the practical trainings and key components in the mental health of students. Experiential thinking and mental health are also influential in the education and growth and academic progress of students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between logical-experimental thinking and mental health based on Islamic teachings with students' academic progress. The present research was applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the nature and method of correlation and structural equation design. The statistical population of the current study was all female students of the second secondary level of Zanjan city in the academic year of 1401-1401, of which 550 were selected by random cluster method. To collect data, Epstein and Pasini's logical-experimental thinking style questionnaires, mental health based on the Islamic teachings of Abul Ma'ali al-Husseini and Mousazadeh, Gilbert et al.'s self-criticism, and Pham and Taylor's academic achievement questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the data, SPSS version 25 and Smart PLS version 3.3 and structural equation method were used. The results showed that the direct effect of mental health based on Islamic teachings on academic achievement, self-criticism on academic achievement and mental health based on Islamic teachings on self-criticism is significant (p<0.05). The indirect effect of mental health based on Islamic teachings through self-criticism on academic achievement is significant (p<0.05). The results of goodness of fit indices of the model showed that the research model had good goodness of fit (SRMR=0.000, NFI=1, GOF=0.38). Based on the findings of the present research, it is suggested that school counselors provide the means for their academic progress by strengthening the mental health of students based on Islamic teachings and self-criticism

Self-injurious and self-critical behaviors play an important role in bipolar disorder as basic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on self-criticism and self-injurious behaviors of 18-12-year-olds with bipolar disorder.

This research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test with a control group. The research population consisted of 18-12-year-olds with bipolar disorder in Tehran in 1400, which was selected from this population by purposive sampling from Tehran's Imam Hossein Hospital, Saadat Abad Clinic, and Qayim Shahr Clinic and based on a structured clinical interview. 60 teenagers were selected and placed in two experimental groups and a control group, 20 teenagers in each group (first experiment: dialectical behavior therapy), (second experiment: behavioral activation therapy) and control group. Klonsky and Glenn (2009) self-injurious behavior questionnaire and Thompson and Zuraf (2004) self-criticism questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done with the statistical method of covariance analysis and Bonferroni follow-up test at a significance level of 0.05 and with SPSS.21 software.

The results of the research showed that behavioral activation therapy and dialectical behavior therapy have an effect on self-criticism and self-harmful behaviors and have reduced self-criticism and self-harmful behaviors. The results of the Bonferroni test showed that dialectical therapy has a greater effect on self-criticism and self-injurious behaviors in adolescents with bipolar disorder than behavioral activation therapy (P<0.05).

behavioral activation therapy and dialectical behavior therapy play an important role in reducing self-criticism

The prevalence of paranoid ideation in the general population raises questions about the factors that contribute to severe or clinical paranoia. The present study aims to investigate the mediating role of shame and self-criticism in the relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation in Iranian college students.

This is a correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). Participants were 272 students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz, Iran, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. They completed the Early Life Experiences Scale, Green et al.’s Paranoid Thoughts Scale-8 item, the External and Internal Shame Scale, and the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale-Short-Form. To analyze the data, the Pearson correlation test and SEM were performed in SPSS software, version 24 and LISERL software, version 8.80. The Bootstrap test was used to assess the indirect effects.

Paranoid ideation had a positive and significant relationship with shame (r=0.56, P=0.01), self-criticism (r=0.31, P=0.01), and early life experiences (r=0.51, P=0.01). The indirect relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation was also significant through shame, with a standard path coefficient of 0.25 (P<0.05). However, indirect relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation through self-criticism was not significant (P>0.05).

Shame and self-criticism can mediate the relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation in Iranian college students. Therefore, the variables of shame and self-criticism should be considered in developing therapeutic interventions for people with paranoid thoughts.

Considering the rapid aging process of the population, it seems necessary to investigate important factors in the formation and control of depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-criticism and loneliness with depression in older adults through the mediating role of rumination. This was a descriptive research with the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The statistical population consisted of all people over 60 living in Shahryar and Quds nursing homes in Karaj, Iran, 2022-2023, among whom 195 people (119 women, 76 men) were selected using convenience sampling method. In order to collect information, Nolen Hoeksma and Maro’s rumination, Thomson and Zarav’s self-criticism, Russell et al.’s loneliness, and Beck’s depression questionnaires were used. SEM was used to test the hypotheses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 and Smart-PLS 3.2.8. The findings indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between internal and comparative self-criticism and depression, as well as between rumination and depression, but the relationship between loneliness and depression did not reach significance level, and rumination plays a mediating role in the relationship between inner self-criticism and loneliness with Depression. According to the results of the present study, psychologists are recommended to train the techniques of controlling and stopping rumination, and self-critical thoughts in the treatment of depression in older adults, so that the loneliness of older adults may not lead them to feel depresssion.

Children’s training is difficult enough for any family. Yet, for the parents of a child with a disability, worrying about their future can be overwhelming. In the meantime, a series of problems, including adverse psychological consequences, are imposed on mothers due to their closeness and more engagement in parenting duties as the cost of caring for these children. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy in reducing self-criticism and parental guilt of mothers with children with Phenylketonuria syndrome.

This applied quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pre-test, post-test, control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of 37 mothers with children suffering from phenylketonuria in Delfan in 2023. Out of this population, 30 cases were selected and randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups(n=15 in each group). The intervention group (Based on the treatment protocol of Gilbert and Neff, 2007) received compassion-focused therapy training during eight two-hour sessions once a week. In order to collect data before and after the treatment program, two questionnaires, Hosseini Tari's parental guilt (2019) and Saadati Shamir's self-criticism (2018), were used. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 27) using descriptive indices and multivariate covariance analysis.

The findings pointed out that after controlling the scores of the pre-test stage, there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the post-test scores of self-criticism (Eta=0.232; P=0.017; F=6.636) and parental guilt (Eta=0.629; P=0.001; F=7.366).

As evidenced by the results of the present study and in connection with the practical background of the research, compassion-focused therapy significantly reduces self-criticism and parental guilt of mothers with children with phenylketonuria. Therefore, it is suggested to use compassion-focused therapy in psychotherapy and rehabilitation counseling for parents of children with special needs in order to improve the psychological health of their mothers.

The family's warm and emotional atmosphere is threatened by conflict, fighting, and parental divorce. Divorce is the most significant indicator of marital turmoil and is one of the most stressful sources that can disrupt people's cognitive structures. Divorce in the family does not only harm the psychological processes of the couple but also injures the psychological health of the children. One of the effects and consequences of family disputes like divorce is emotional disorders in children, which reduces their quality of life. Also, self–criticism in children is one of the consequences of grief caused by parents' divorce in children. Since psychological injuries caused by divorce in family members appear persistently and affect their well–being, the necessity of psychological interventions is raised. One of the interventions that can affect the cognitive regulation of emotion and self–criticism in children of divorced families is acceptance and commitment therapy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment–based therapy on cognitive regulation of emotion and self–criticism in adolescent girls experiencing parental divorce mourning.

The current research method was quasi–experimental and employed a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included all teenagers aged 14–16 from divorced families living in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. The sampling method was purposeful, and 30 people were selected as a sample based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: female gender, being between 14 and 16 years old, scoring above the cut–off point on the Grief Reaction Checklist (180 and above), and being in a divorced family. The exclusion criteria were as follows: withdrawal from participation in the study and absence of more than two therapy sessions. Data were gathered in two groups via (pretest, posttest, and follow–up) via the Grief Reaction Checklist (Hogan et al., 2001), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006), and the Levels of Self–criticism Scale (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004). The experimental group received eight sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy (Forman and Herbert, 2008), and the control group was put on the waiting list to receive the intervention sessions if they tended after the end of the research. After completing the training period, a posttest was administered to both the experimental and control groups, and three months after the end of the intervention sessions, the experimental group was followed up again with research tools. Participants were assured that the results would be used only for research work and that the information and data would remain confidential. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software version 22. The significance level of statistical tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that in the experimental group, the difference in the mean scores of adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and self–criticism in the pretest–posttest and pretest–follow–up was statistically significant (p<0.001). However, the difference in the mean scores in the posttest–follow–up was not significant (p=1.00). Also, the difference in the mean scores of adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and self–criticism in the experimental group was statistically significant compared to the control group (p<0.001).

According to the results of the present study, acceptance and commitment therapy positively reduce self–criticism and maladaptive components of cognitive emotion regulation. It also has a positive and improving effect on increasing the adaptive components of cognitive emotion regulation. Therefore, acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an intervention method in adolescent children of divorced families.

Couples marry based on specific goals and wish to experience a stable and satisfying life; however, when couples have a stable and satisfying life, they also experience conflicts in their life together. Marital conflict can damage the structure of marital relations. Teaching self–compassion can help women develop a more compassionate and tolerant attitude toward themselves, improving relationship satisfaction. Marital satisfaction is directly related to psychological well–being. Psychological well–being includes positive thoughts and feelings that people have about their lives. People with poor self–criticism resolve interpersonal conflicts by considering their needs and those of others. Among the third–wave therapies, compassion therapy is an integrated, multidimensional approach that draws from neuroscience, developmental science, social science, evolutionary science, and Buddhist psychology. Some experts believe that the core of helping people is based on compassion. Therefore, this research examined the effectiveness of self–compassion training on mental well–being and self–criticism in women with marital conflicts.

The current research was quasi–experimental and was conducted with a pretest–posttest design with the control and experimental groups. The statistical population of this research comprised all women with marital conflicts referred to Mehrara Psychological Clinic in Sari City, Iran, in 2022. Among the statistical population, 30 qualified volunteers entered the study as available and were randomly assigned to two groups of self–compassion training and control (each group included 15 people). After selecting the people of the sample group and before starting the treatment program, the Ryff Psychological Well–Being Scale (Ryff, 1989) and the Levels of Self–Criticism Scale (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004) were distributed among both groups. Afterward, self–help training was implemented in the experimental group (in the form of 8 sessions of 90 minutes, each session once a week), and the control group was not subjected to any treatment program. In the end, the posttest was done again from both groups. Also, after the end of the research, the treatment programs implemented in this research were implemented in the control group to maintain the ethical standards in the study. The inclusion criteria include married women who scored above the average on the scale of marital conflicts, have at least a diploma level of education, and are not participating in other therapeutic interventions at the same time. The exclusion criteria include an absence of more than three sessions and non–observance of group therapy rules. This research observed ethical standards including obtaining informed consent and ensuring privacy and confidentiality. Also, when participating in the study, the participants could withdraw from the research and provide individual information. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics univariate covariance analysis was used. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 24, and the significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed that the effect of self–compassion training on all components of mental well–being and self–criticism in women with marital conflicts was significant (p<0.001). Also, effect sizes were obtained for self–acceptance (0.75), positive relationships with others (0.80), autonomy (0.76), mastery of the environment (0.90), purposeful living (0.89), personal growth (0.94), internalized self–criticism (0.97), and comparative self–criticism (0.92).

The results show that self–compassion training significantly improves mental well–being and reduces self–criticism in marital conflict women. So, promoting self–compassion can be an effective strategy for managing marital conflicts in women.

With an aging population, an increase in the provision of services to individuals experiencing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is expected in care services for older adults. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of compassion therapy on cognitive fusion and self-criticism in older adults with PTSD in Tabriz, Iran. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all older adults with PTSD living in Tabriz in 2022. The sample of the study included 30 older adults (65 to 75 years old) selected through convenience sampling method and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, and were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent Gilbert’s compassion therapy package in eight 90-minute weekly sessions. The questionnaires used in this research consisted of Thompson and Zuroff’s levels of self-criticism scale and Gillanders et al.’s cognitive fusion questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-22 software. The results revealed that in the post-test stage, there is a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of cognitive fusion and self-criticism (P<.001). Based on the findings of this study, compassion therapy results in the decrease of cognitive fusion and self-criticism in older adults and can represent new horizons in clinical interventions and can be used as an effective intervention method to improve the mental health and quality of life in older adults.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of logo therapy on self criticism of female students exposed to high-risk behaviors. The research method was semi experimental (with experimental and control groups) with three-stage design (pretest, posttest, follow-up) and two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included female students exposed to high-risk behaviors who were studying at Hasht Behesht Non-Profit University, Islamic Azad University of Najafabad and Isfahan in the academic year of 2020-2021. thirty five female student exposed to high-risk behaviors were selected through purposive sampling method and were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (18 student in the experimental and 17 student in the control group). The students in the experimental group received ten seventy five-minute sessions of logo therapy during ten weeks. High Risk Behaviors Questionnaire (Mohammadkhani, 2007) and Self criticism Questionnaire (Loeiz, 1998) were used in the present study. The data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. The results showed that logo therapy has significant effect on the self criticism (p<0001, Eta=0.53, F=41.94) in the female students exposed to high-risk behaviors. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that logo therapy can be used as an efficient method to decreace self criticism of female students exposed to high-risk behaviors through employing techniques such as change in attitudes and taking logo via logo discovery method, accountability, overcoming despair, increasing life hope and affective support of the members from each other.