temperament

Multiple sclerosis (MS) profoundly affects patients' well-being, causing physical and psychological challenges. While lifestyle factors are recognized as pivotal in MS management, research on traditional Persian (Iranian) medicine approaches remains scarce. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of temperament-based lifestyle education rooted in Persian medicine principles in ameliorating quality of life (QoL) among MS patients. Employing a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, we enrolled 30 female MS patients, randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving tailored lifestyle interventions or a control group. QoL assessments were conducted pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at a one-month follow-up. The intervention spanned four weeks, focusing on individualized nutrition, exercise, sleep optimization, stress management, and socio-emotional well-being, aligned with each participant's temperament profile. The Covariance analysis exhibited significantly greater enhancements in post-intervention and follow-up QoL scores compared to controls, with effect sizes indicating substantial impact. Notably, these improvements were sustained at the one-month follow-up assessment. Our findings suggest that temperament-based lifestyle education grounded in Persian medicine holds promise as a beneficial and low-risk strategy for enhancing QoL in MS patients (51.93 to 72.86 increased). Further validation through larger randomized trials is warranted, yet this preliminary investigation underscores the potential of integrative approaches leveraging traditional medical paradigms.

Personalized medicine, an emerging approach, considers individual differences to tailor treatments optimally. Persian medicine (PM) incorporates individual differences through Mizāj (temperament). A comprehensive understanding of each Mizaj type's characteristics is essential in designing standardized diagnostic tools.

This study aims to explore the attributes of one of the most significant Mizaj groups, namely cold-wet Mizaj, and its subtypes, including cold-wet Su-e-Mizaj (dystemperament), as well as phlegm dominance in PM sources.

Persian medicine literature, including the Canon of Medicine, was reviewed for relevant concepts. Reliable scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and MagIran, were searched using keywords such as Mizaj, temperament, Su-e-Mizaj, dystemperament, cold-wet dystemperament, phlegm, and Balgham. The obtained results were studied and categorized.

Out of the 196 articles obtained related to Mizaj, 16 investigated indices. No studies were found on the indices of cold-wet Mizaj and phlegm dominance separately. PM sources exhibit high congruence in describing the characteristics of cold-wet Mizaj. Specifically, emphasis is placed on characteristics such as coldness and softness of the skin to the touch, high fat mass, pale and white complexion, excessive body secretions, weakness and slowness of physical and physiological actions, low vitality, timidity, poor memory, and slow-wittedness. In cold-wet dystemperament, symptoms are more severe, and in the presence of phlegm, a feeling of heaviness is also mentioned as a specific symptom.

By compiling indices of cold-wet Mizaj/dystemperament and phlegm dominance, this study can contribute to the development of standardized PM questionnaires, facilitating a personalized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

The etiologies of childhood dental fear/dental behavior management problems have been extensively studied, especially the role of children’s temperaments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperament and its associated variables on the anxiety and cooperation level of preschool children in a dental clinic.

This cross‑sectional study involved 103, 4–6‑year‑old patients (39 boys and 64 girls). The children’s parents or guardians completed the Child Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS) Dental Subscale and the Malhotra temperament questionnaire before the treatment. Patients’ anxiety and cooperation levels were then assessed through three distinct treatment stages of fluoride therapy, injection of local anesthesia, and drilling, by applying the Venham anxiety and clinical cooperation scales. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and Chi‑square tests. The significance level of 0.05 was deemed relevant in the analysis.

A significant correlation was established between the mean of CFSS and the variety of temperament (P = 0.001). Anxiety and uncooperative behavior during injection and drilling were strongly related to lower sociability scores. Furthermore, higher anxiety during the drilling stage was related to higher impulsivity scores.

The evaluation of children’s anxiety and cooperation in dental clinics heavily relies on temperament and certain related factors, such as sociability. These variables serve as crucial benchmarks in understanding and assessing the psychological state of children during dental procedures.

The aging procedure is an incremental reduction in the human systems, including the heart and respiration, blood vessels, endocrine glands, urinary-genital, and immune systems. This investigation evaluated the association between the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Mizaj based on Persian medicine on thermal comfort of aging in sanatoriums in Mazandaran province in Iran.

This research was accomplished at Rasht Azad University from June 2022 to December 2023 in sanatoriums of aging adults under actual circumstances. Ninety-six aging adults above 65 years old were included. PMV, weather moister, clothing cover, temperament (Mizaj) based on Persian medicine, and thermal comfort in 4 seasons were considered. Linear regression was used to evaluate the efficiency of the PMV index in estimating the thermal sensation of aging adults according to their Mizaj.

Temperament and sex shows a negative and significant relationship with thermal comfort (P<0.05). The regression model showed that individual characteristics such as temperament and gender affect the thermal comfort score and PMV (P<0.05).

Therefore, to propose the desired coefficients in the correction of PMV values, we consider the effect of people's temperament and gender in the regression model.

This current study aimed to validate the Indonesian version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) questionnaire, which provides a better understanding of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) disorders.

The study used a cross-sectional design and involved 314 adolescents and young adults in high school or university. A stratified sampling method was used. All participants filled out the ISAS questionnaire. Data were analyzed for content validity, construct validity, item discrimination value, and internal consistency (Croncbach’s α). The translation process was carried out using forward and back-translation methods.

The ISAS questionnaire consists of section I, the behavioral scale, and section II, the functional scale. For content validity, Aiken's V coefficient obtained for both scale sections I and II is in the range of 0.917 – 1. This result shows that all items on the scale have very good validity. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were carried out using Lisrel 8.80 software on section II, resulting in several goodness of fit values that were not good enough (χ2 = 457.68; P < 0.000; df = 64; χ2 / df = 7.151, RMSEA = 0.130) and several other values that are quite acceptable (CFI = 0.95; SRMS = 0.057; NFI = 0.95; GFI = 0.83). The factor loading from section II ranges from 0.43 - 0.91. The item discrimination value using the corrected item-total correlation of section I is in the range of 0.031 - 0.837 and section II ranges from 0.290 – 0.854. The reliability analysis values in section I and II of the ISAS are α = 0.527 and α = 0.966, respectively.

This is the first study to have validated the Indonesian version of the ISAS questionnaire. The Indonesian version of the ISAS questionnaire is considered a valid and reliable instrument to assess NSSI disorders.

This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the complete Persian version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) in an Iranian population.

In this descriptive study, the TEMPS-A was first translated to Persian by a bilingual expert and was then back-translated to English by another expert and compared with the original version. The face validity and content validity of the Persian version of the questionnaire were confirmed following assessment by several psychiatrists. The Persian version of the questionnaire was then administered among 30 personnel of Imam Hossein Hospital to be completed. The same questionnaire was administered again among the same personnel after a 2-week interval to assess its reliability. 

The Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to be 0.911, indicating excellent reliability of the Persian version of the TEMPS-A. None of the questions required correction or omission. Some questions did not have a good correlation with the general scale but the correlation of the majority of them with the general scale was good. A significant difference was found in the mean scores of the questions (P<0.001), and the mean total score was 1.73.

The present results showed excellent reliability of the complete Persian version of the TEMPS-A (> 0.9). Future studies are required to scrutinize the subscales of this questionnaire.

The term "internet addiction" (IA) describes a compulsive behavior associated with any online activity that disrupts everyday social interactions. Main aim of this research was to determine variables and development predictors of Internet addiction.

A total of 1,669 respondents participated in this research; 1,040 of them (62.3%) were female, 590 (35.4%) were male, and 39 (2.3%) did not want to declare their gender. The average age of the respondents was 15.09±1.757. Data were collected using an online form consisted of demographic data, questions related to the use of the Internet, the Internet Addiction Scale, and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-auto questionnaire version (TEMPS-A) for adolescents.

The relationship between Internet addiction and age, addictive substance use frequency, purpose, time spent on the internet, and type of temperament has been proven. Analysis results indicate that the risk of developing internet addiction is higher if an adolescent spends 1-3 hours and more than 3 hours daily (2.8 and 8.2 times, respectively). Increasing age numbers for 1 unit (year), the risk of internet addiction developing is decreasing by 11.3%. Hyperthymic temperament type decreases the risk of 70.9% of internet addiction developing.

It is important to highlight importance of our results since practitioners can utilize our findings to create targeted treatments and prevent internet addiction in adolescents.

The process of aging is a gradual decrease in the function of the body's systems, including the heart and blood vessels, respiration, urinary-genital system, endocrine glands, and the body's immune system. This study aimed to assess the effect of Temperament based on Persian medicine on the thermal comfort of aging in sanatoriums in Mazandaran province in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at Rasht Azad University from June 2022 to December 2023. In the field section, the living space (sanatoriums) of older people who are under actual conditions (without interfering with the temperature conditions) in the mild and humid plain climate of Iran was investigated. Ninety-six aging adults above 65 years old were included. Sex, age, temperament (Mizaj) based on Persian medicine, and thermal comfort in four seasons were assessed.

Ninety-five participants were included, and 54 (54.5%) were aging females. The distribution of Mizaj regarding sex was similar (P=0.647), and most of the participants, 49 (51.6%), had a cold temperament. There was a significant relationship between Temperament and thermal comfort (P<0.01). There was a significant relationship between gender and thermal comfort (P<0.01).

The results showed that the Temperament and gender of aging adults can play a central role in determining the amount of coverage of people and their thermal comfort. More long-term studies are needed to investigate more precisely the effect of Temperament on people's thermal sensations.

This study aimed to explore potential relationships between dietary patterns aligned with cold or hot temperaments and cardiovascular parameters among healthy individuals. This randomized clinical trial was conducted in 2020 with 65 healthy volunteers. Participants were categorized into two groups, specifically as hot or cold temperaments. In the initial phase, we measured body temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and conducted the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) test. Subsequently, participants received a three-day diet plan with a similar nature to their body temperament (second phase). The same measurements were repeated after three days. Following this, participants returned to a normal daily diet for three days. In the third phase, they received a diet plan of the opposite nature to their temperament for another three days, and the same battery of tests was conducted at the study's conclusion. In both the cold temperament group during the second phase and the hot temperament group during the third phase, mean body temperature, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower than in other phases (P < 0.05). Additionally, HRV indexes, including RMSSD, SDNNInd, and QT, were significantly higher during the second phase for the cold temperament group and the third phase for the hot temperament group compared to other phases (P < 0.05). Irrespective of individual body temperament, the consumption of a cold-natured diet led to a significant decrease in mean body temperature, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This effect may be attributed to the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

The increasing frequency of traffic accidents within public transportation systems leads to economic and public health challenges. It is essential to investigate predictive factors for high-risk driving behaviors, encompassing physical, psychological, personality, and health-related aspects.

The present study examines the correlation between a driver's "Mizaj" (temperament) and their driving behavior, as well as the associated risk of accidents. Additionally, the study evaluates the link between smoking habits and drivers' behavior.

In this cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, Iran, a total of 253 bus drivers participated. They were evaluated using a temperament questionnaire, the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire, data on smoking habits, driving experience, and the number of accidents over the past three years. Correlations among temperament, smoking habits, driving behavior factors, and accident frequencies were determined by Pearson's correlation coefficients.

Among the study participants, 97 reported one or more traffic accidents while driving. Statistically significant associations were found between road accidents and factors such as driving experience, smoking, type of temperament, and driving behavior. It is noteworthy that drivers with a hot temperament had a higher incidence of accidents compared to those with cold or moderate temperaments (P-value < 0.05). Moreover, smokers reported significantly more accidents (P-value < 0.01) and higher scores for violations and errors in driving behavior (P-value < 0.01). In addition, drivers with a first-grade driver's license and more than 15 years of experience reported a significantly lower number of accidents (P-value < 0.05).

The results of the present research indicate a clear association between temperament and driving behavior. Bus drivers with a hot temperament were more prone to accidents, violations, and driving errors compared to those with cold or moderate temperaments. Furthermore, drivers with a dry temperament faced a higher risk of accidents than those with a wet temperament.

Mizaj (Temperament) is a concept to express individual differences in Persian medicine and according to this theory, there is a relationship between Mizaj type and the abilities of different body organs. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between the type of Mizaj and the memory score (Quotient).

The target population was the 18 to 38 years old students of Babol University of Medical Sciences. Mojahedi’s Mizaj questionnaire (MMQ) was used for determining the whole Mizaj. The physical Persian version of Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS III) was used to assess memory score. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS Version 22 and the chi square (x2) and t-test were run and p- value 0.05 was considered as significant difference.

Forty-two of participants were females and 18 were males. The average age of them was 23.6 (21-27). The average of Memory Quotient (MQ) was 122.1 ± 5.7. The average of MQ in warm Mizaj was 125.46 ± 1.2 and in cold Mizaj was 118.79 ± 6.5. The difference between two groups is statistically significant (p< 0.001). The average of MQ in dry Mizaj was 124.16 ± 2.67 and in wet Mizaj was 118.40 ± 7.64. The difference between two groups is statistically significant (P= 0.005).

The results showed there are significant relationship between memory score and warm/cold Mizaj and dry /wet Mizaj. It means students with warm or dry Mizaj had better memory score than students with cold or wet Mizaj. This relation was also detected between subtypes of memory and Mizaj expect between working memory and dry/wet Mizaj. These results are in accordance with theories in PM which indicate people with warm Mizaj and dry Mizaj have better memory and people with cold Mizaj and wet Mizaj have weaker memory and are more at risk of memory dysfunction.

Mizaj is the basis of attention to individual differences in Persian Medicine (PM). Regarding the importance of Mizaj for health preservation and treating diseases, it is necessary to achieve a standard tool for Mizaj identification. The purpose of this study was to design a standard self-reporting Mizaj identification questionnaire for elders.

In this exploratory sequential study, criteria of Mizaj identification were extracted by reviewing PM literatures and interview with PM experts and elders. The primary questionnaire was designed and its validity and reliability were assessed, using weighted Kappa statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) assessment, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and determining the specificity and sensitivity of cut-off points.

Among the 101 items in the primary questionnaire, 73 items had acceptable reliability. The final 20-item questionnaire was obtained after the criterion validity and PCC assessment. The sensitivity and specificity of this questionnaire were 83% and 88% for warmness, 49% and 80% for moderate in warmness-coldness, 72% and 91% for coldness, 57% and 78% for wetness, 30% and 79% for moderate in wetness-dryness, and 81% and 67% for dryness, respectively.

The first standard Mizaj identification questionnaire for elders was designed in this study. It is recommended as a supplementary diagnostic tool for clinicians and researchers in PM. Also, the people with age over 60 can use it to identify their own Mizaj and then, choose the suitable PM or Unani medicine lifestyle recommendations based on their Mizaj.

Cloninger first proposed the personality theory, considering both normal and abnormal personality traits. Later, different complementary versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) found their way into the academic milieu to enhance their psychometric properties and efficiency in both experimental and clinical settings.

The main objective of the current research was to investigate the principal psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140).

This research is a cross-sectional study. The data included information on psychiatric outpatients visiting Roozbeh psychiatric hospital in 9 months in 2021. Purposive sampling was performed on volunteers. A total of 471 outpatients filled out the TCI-140, 150 of whom also filled out the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) by Promax rotation.

The internal consistency of all dimensions (Cronbach’s alpha: Above 0.70, except for reward dependence) was proved to be satisfactory, but that of some subscales (NS1, NS4, RD4, CO3, and CO5) was quite poor. Test-retest reliability confirmed that for all dimensions, ICC > 0.70, indicating a high reliability. The findings of the PCA revealed that all dimensions were loaded in accordance with the theoretical expectations. At the facet level, all the facets were loaded on their factors except for sentimentality and dependence. According to the correlation findings, the concurrent validity of TCI-140 was acceptable for PID-5. The results showed that HA had relatively high positive correlations with detachment (r = 0.55) and negative affect (r = 0.48).

The results confirmed the satisfactory reliability and validity of the Persian version of TCI-140 despite its drawbacks. Hence, it can be employed to examine personality traits.