tools

It is very important to prioritize the educational needs of managers in the field of health and establish a connection between these needs and the needs of society for a better response. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the knowledge needs and skills needed by healthcare management students as future managers of the health society.

The universities of medical sciences located in the metropolis of Region 10 were considered as the research environment.

The researchers first extracted the available documents and dimensions regarding knowledge and skill indicators and then compiled and evaluated a questionnaire. A skill and knowledge tool was designed in the form of a 35-item questionnaire with 6 questions on skills and 29 questions on knowledge. Also, the questionnaire had adequate face and content validity (CVR = 0.99 and CVI = 0.96). Cronbach's alpha for all areas and the total of the designed tool was estimated at 0.97, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the tool.

"Improving the knowledge of organizations and the organizational structure of the health field", "Improving communication skills with human resources, prioritizing problems, and ethical issues in policy-making" were the most needed by the students. The knowledge and skill tools of health service management students can evaluate the knowledge and skill needs of future managers and help in meeting the needs of society and the effectiveness of human resources.

The health of a society is one of the most important determinants of the progress of any community. Assessing the level of health in different communities is of great significance. For this reason, researchers are always striving to develop appropriate tools for measuring it. Since values and norms in any society are defined based on the perspectives and worldviews of its individuals, the tools created to measure health indicators, especially social, religious, and spiritual health, should be aligned with the do's and don'ts of that particular community.

Musculoskeletal disorders related to work are one of the most common causes of absenteeism. In order to reduce the damage caused by these disorders, first, we should try to identify the risk factors and the factors affecting it, and in the next step, evaluate them. The purpose of this article is a systematic review of the methods of risk assessment of ergonomic factors related to musculoskeletal disorders.

In this review, all articles published in Farsi and English in the field of ergonomic risk factor evaluation methods related to musculoskeletal disorders (March 2015 to December 2022) (last search date) were investigated. For this purpose, a systematic search of articles using Persian keywords (methodology, hand carrying loads, observational methods, instrumental methods, self-report methods, physical condition, questionnaire, musculoskeletal disorders, upper limb, lower limb, evaluation risk, ergonomic assessment, posture assessment) and their English equivalents were performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of science, Cochrane library, Embase, SID, Scopus, Magiran Iran Medex databases. Unrelated articles were removed using PRISMA statement guidelines, and finally articles that were completely related to the study were examined. GraySource and BASE databases were used to find gray sources.

Initially, 1176 articles were identified from different databases and a total of 82 articles were selected for final review. In some reliable sources, the risk assessment methods of ergonomic factors related to musculoskeletal disorders are classified into three categories: observational (42 articles), instrumental (11 articles) and self-report (29 articles). Pen-paper-based observational methods were among the most common methods used in ergonomic evaluations. Among the investigated individual reporting methods, the Nordic questionnaire was the most widely used tool (87% of the articles), followed by the Cornell questionnaire (13% of the articles). Some occupations, such as nurses, also have specific methods for assessing ergonomic risk factors (MAPO, DINO).

It is suggested that the ergonomic risk assessment methods of musculoskeletal disorders should be multi-factorial (individual, occupational and psycho-social) and specific methods should be developed for jobs with high diversity in job duties.

The treatment of patients in the last days of life has always been a challenge for the treatment staff, both doctors and nurses, and deciding on the continuation of treatment in these patients is one of the most basic needs of health professionals. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the attitude of the medical staff regarding the do not resuscitate order in the studies conducted in Iran.

This study is a systematic review. For the preliminary review of the studies carried out from the articles of the Persian language databases: SID, Iranmedex, Magiran and the English language databases Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus and the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar without time limit and logical search for Farsi keywords of non-revival cardiopulmonary, do-not-resuscitate policies, do-not-resuscitate order, Iran, etc. and the English keywords cardiopulmonary do-notresuscitate, do-not-resuscitate policy, iran, do-not-resuscitate order, DNR were used. The quality of the articles was evaluated using the STROBE standard checklist.

In the initial stage of searching for studies, 963 studies were reviewed. Then the researchers reviewed the searched articles and 952 studies were removed completely due to not being related to the topic under study and being repetitive and not having access to the article. Descriptive articles in Iran were selected in both Persian and English languages, and finally 11 studies were used to analyze and write the article. The articles were examined in three categories of evaluation of attitudes, tools and policies.

Considering the existence of positive attitude in the studies, it is suggested to develop, integrate and standardize the attitude measurement tools and examine the role of other mediating variables on the attitude of the treatment staff towards the do not resuscitate order; It is necessary to properly analyze the ethical, jurisprudential, and legal considerations of this matter, and according to that, clear executive instructions should be provided to the treatment staff.

Feeding problems are among the most common issues in infancy and childhood. It’s essential to investigate and identify these problems in early childhood because early detection can lead to early treatment of these problems. The present study intends to provide a comprehensive review of screening tools and assessment for feeding problems in infants and children.

The information was obtained through PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, Google scholar, and Iranian databases from 1993 to 2020. Based on the keywords used, 50 related articles were obtained. Then, 18 articles were selected based on the purpose of this study.

In total, 18 tools were obtained. The 3 tools were related to screening for feeding problems, and the rest were related to assessing feeding problems in infants and children. Also, among these tools, 5 tools could be used from birth, and the rest could be used from older ages, about 6 months onwards. Of these tools, 3 tools are completed by an assessor or therapist, and the rest by a parent or caregiver. 5 tools, in addition to examining children's nutritional issues, also assess parents' feelings and reactions to their child's feeding problems. Also, the validity and reliability of these 18 tools were examined.

There are a variety of standard tools for screening and assessing infant and child feeding problems in English. The results of this review study, while introducing these tools to therapists, can lead to their rapid access to these tools.

The aim of this study was to translate and psychometrics the Cervical Cancer Screening Self-Efficacy Scale.

A standard forward-backward translation method was used to develop the Persian version of the cervical cancer screening self-efficacy scale. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through face validity (qualitative and quantitative), content validity (qualitative and quantitative) and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) in 400 women. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by test-retest method (calculation of intra-class correlation coefficient) and also internal correlation (calculation of Cronbach-alpha coefficient). Statistical analyzes were performed by SPSS24 and lisrel 8.8 software.

The range of calculated CVR and CVI of scale items was (0.92-1.00) and (0.92-1.00) impact score of all items was more than 1.5. The range of Cronbach's alpha and ICC were calculated for the reliability of scale items respectively (0.66 – 0.85) and (0.846- 0.977). The three factors of "Confidence in controlling tangible barriers of Pap Smear test ", "Confidence in following Pap Smear test Instructions" and "Confidence in controlling intangible barriers of PAPS". In confirmatory factor analysis the fitted model based on these factors explained 58.29%of the self-efficacy in performing Pap Smear test. These factors confirmed by CFA (X2/df =3.3, CFI=0.91, GFI= 0.96, RMESA=0.081).

  Psychometric of Persian version of the cervical cancer screening self-efficacy scale with 8 items and 3 domains has proper validity and reliability to evaluate the cervical cancer screening self-efficacy in females.

The   experiences of  learners in the educational system is not limited to  explicit   curriculum and other factors in the form of hidden curriculum play a significant role to shaping students' learning. Due to the lack of comprehensive tools for its study in the medical sciences, the purpose of this study is to construct and validate the tools  in  hidden  curriculum  in medical education

This study is a qualitative study  as  a  hybrid approach. This study was conducted in two phases of design and validation of a questionnaire to study the hidden dimensions of the curriculum in medical education in 2020 at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. In the design phase, a three-phase hybrid study was used (review of previous study / field research and final conclusion). In the second part,  validation indicators, validity, and reliability of were extracted. Face and content validity assessed by  8 expert professors and a student group with 20 people and its reliability with a group of 104 people. Construct validity by Exploratory Factor Analysis led to the confirmation of tool items.

 The results of the first part (hybrid study) led to the identification of 5  Dimensions. These areas included (teacher-student interactions, teachers' professional characteristics, the architecture of the educational environment and its rules, interactions and communication in the educational environment, and methods of evaluation and obtaining feedback). In the second stage, which was the validation phase, the validity (content, face, construct and reliability of the questionnaire were examined. All parts mentioned above were appropriate. These tools maybe use to assess hidden curriculum in medical education.

 According to the results, Due to the lack of specific tools in medical education, this tool can be used by medical education researchers.

Due to the importance of continuous evaluation of medical records to meet the stakeholders' needs and the lack of a comprehensive and unique tool in this field, this comparative study was conducted with the aim of investigating the quantitative evaluation indicators of inpatient medical records and validation of the proposed tool.

This cross-sectional study was performed in a descriptive-comparative method in 2019. Quantitative evaluation checklists for medical records were collected by reviewing articles and guidelines. Theas data were collected by using internet search on Google and Google Scholar and scientific databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, SID, and Iran DOC. Keywords related to quantitative evaluation of medical records were used to search. The primary tool was developed according to sources frequency. The primary tool was surveyed by Delphi method in a round of 10 academic members of the Health Information Technology faculty A focus-group meeting was held to examine the feasibility of the proposed tools. The data were analyzed by using Excell software 2016.

A total of 51 hospital checklists, 44 articles and 10 related national and international guidelines were reviewed. Based on the frequency and importance of the indicators studied in these sources, a proposed tool for quantitative evaluation of the file was developed at four levels. Finally, after dolphin agreement and focus-group meeting, one tool with 20 main indicators was presented at four levels: red level (with critical errors), orange (major errors), yellow (minor errors), and green (no such errors) were presented.

The tool presented in this study will be practical because of its prioritization feature between indicators and error classification for evaluating, comparing, and following the improvement of inpatients' medical records in different wards in terms of documentation priorities.

Health insurance literacy is a fledgling concept that emerged largely after the Obama Care law in the United States. This study, through a narrative approach and by examining related literature, discusses various aspects of this concept and the definitional and instrumentation requirements in this field for other countries, including Iran. What is certain, given the substantial differences in the US health insurance system with other countries, any use of this concept and its operationalization requires the redefinition of a native and applicable insurance system and an effort to understand its operation to complement coverage. It has health insurance.

In this review, we investigated various aspects of Policy Delphi technique to make decision-makers more aware of this pertinent method so that they can use it in their policy decisions in their organizations.

 This study was conducted using a review method and by searching the related literature in databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. In addition, texts in related books or reports were also used. The most important keywords were Policy Delphi, decision making tools, health policy making, decision making, and health.

Unlike the traditional Delphi, which seeks consensus on ideas and is a decision-making tool, Policy Delphi is a useful tool for analyzing the policy issues and is more about identifying the opposing views on a policy issue. Policy Delphi seeks to address the policy-related issues and does not seek to reach consensus. In various texts, 6 steps were introduced to this approach: formulating the issues, exposing the options, determining initial positions on the issues, exploring and obtaining the reasons for disagreements, evaluating the underlying reasons, and reevaluating the options. The most important rating scales included desirability, feasibility, importance, and confidence.

Application of Policy Delphi in examining policy changes and policy issues is of high importance and can emerge many unintended and negative consequences for a policy. So, it is recommended to use this tool in the health sector due to its wide setting and complexity and since it has different stakeholders with different views and opinions.

The objective of hospital accreditation is to increase the safety and satisfaction of patients and employees, with the contribution of which can be achieved through environmental adaption. The present study aimed to explain the necessity of using ergonomic considerations in the process of hospital accreditation. This methodological study was designed in 2018 and simultaneously conducted with the psychometric evaluation and validation of the structural fitness assessment tool of age-friendly hospitals. The determination of the structural components was done by examining the texts and validating the items using the Delphi method. After determining the content validity, classification of items into mandatory or essential sections was made by obtaining at least two thirds and one thirds of the experts votes, respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data processing. The processing of expert opinion about 72 items (content validity) showed that the majority of subjects (55 items equivalent to 76%) were mandatory or essential, with the highest proportion of mandatory cases being made by the gerontologists, and the least architectural experts. Considering the growth of the elderly population in the country and, on the other hand, the high contribution of the elderly to the treatment centers, and the necessity or basicity of the majority of tool items, the application of ergonomic principles in the accreditations seems necessary.

Objective (s): The maternal health program is one of the main primary health care domains worldwide due to its momentous impact on community health. Considering the importance of this program’s quality and the role of evaluation systems in its promoting, this study was done to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of maternal health programs evaluation tools in Iran. This was a comparative study. The data was obtained by reviewing documents and was analyzed through the comparison matrix. Firstly, the number of nine evaluation checklist and one clinical information system were identified. Then the identified tools were compared regarding to the comprehensive evaluation model (CIPP) and their evaluation measures. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of identified tools were recognized and discussed. The study results indicated that the evaluation tools have notable shortcomings. The main shortcomings are disregarding 50% of the main dimensions of the health program evaluation models and the lack of proper measures to assess the main components of care. Subjectivity and non-exclusiveness of evaluation measures with improper categorizing of measures were the other weaknesses of these tools. The findings showed that the current tools for evaluation of maternal health program in Iran could not improve either the quality or outcomes.

Safety is a complex issue that is directly related to health, while the children’s curiosity and exploratory behavior are risky and due to damage or even death. The safety approach affects the behavior of the family in improving home safety, especially for under five children who need more attention. This study produced a home safety assessment tool for children to help families in this way.
This is a cross sectional study that produced a home safety assessment tool after reviewing the literature as well as using expert’s opinions such as Delphi and pilot study for under five children The Tool evaluated the safety of family homes in the Eyvanak area of Tehran. Then, the record of innovation feedback to the families and volunteers for community-based interface of the residents was done.
This study led to the preparation checklist with 5 domains and 84 questions to assess home safety for children under 5. After evaluating the cross-sectional in Tehran, the results for the records of safety for each of the children has been set.
The necessity to improve home safety for under 5 children and the need to have a tool to assess the safety of the community needs assessment. This safety checklist tried to have the integrity and indigenous as much as possible and can help health policy makers in educating the families to promote safety and reduce children damage by this objective and clear aspects of safety concept.

Primary dysmenorrhea is of the most common complaints in women. Patient assessment and successful treatment needs to assess the patient's pain. According to high and different prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in various studies and to know the most accepted tools of dysmenorrhea pain assessment and to discuss the advantage and disadvantage of these tools, this study was performed with aim to assess the articles related to dysmenorrhea in dimension of menstrual pain assessment tools.
This review article was performed with aim to assess the articles related to dysmenorrhea in dimension of menstrual pain assessment tools. Therefore, databases of Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed Medline, and Google Scholar were searched to find the related references with keywords of dysmenorrhea, scale, … between 2003 and 2013. The contents of the articles were exactly and repeatedly studied and were analyzed with focus on qualitative and quantitative aspects of pain assessment tools.
Totally, 259 articles were obtained. 248 articles used subjective tools of dysmenorrhea and 11 articles used objective tools. The most used subjective tools were VAS and Multi dimensional Verbal scale and most used objective tools of dysmenorrhea was evaluation of prostaglandins level. Totally, 28 different tools were used to assess dysmenorrhea pain. 9 tools were used in Persian articles. Moreover, 199 articles (78.6%) had simultaneously used one scale, 48 (18%) two scales, 10 (2.8 %) three and 2 (0.4 %) four scales.
Generally, various and different tools are available for menstrual pain assessment, but there is not a gold standard, but VAS and Verbal multidimensional scale are used more than other tools. It is necessary to select an appropriate tool according to the aim of researcher of the study, the study's cost, characteristics of study population and scale properties.