training program

Taking care of a person at the end of life and his family has always been the main responsibility of nurses. Since nurses spend the most time with these patients, they play a significant role in this care.

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing, implementing and evaluating the end-of-life care training program for nurses working in the intensive care unit (ICU).

In this mixed method research, the Kern model was used. First, the initial needs assessment was done by group of 6 experienced nursing volunteers by using the structured group interview method (NGT). Then, the researcher-made questionnaire was compiled through a systematic review. The researcher-made questionnaire was given to 127 nurses who were employed in the ICU. After developing and implementing the program based on Kern's model, the end-of-life nursing care was reexamined. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 20). p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Most participants in this study were female, and the mean age was 31.98±5.261 years andthe mean work experience was 2.27±0.849 years. The training program increased the knowledge and awareness of ICU nurses (p<0.001).

Implications for Practice:

 The results of this study showed that the nurses of the ICU do not have enough skills and knowledge in the field of end-of-life care, especially symptom management. Training in the field of end-of-life care was effective on nurses' knowledge and awareness.

The shuttlecock game has received more attention in Vietnam in recent years as it is easy to play, and the high achievements of the national shuttlecock team in various international tournaments have also attracted Vietnamese people. As this kind of game requires the players to have more technical skills, there should be a highly demanding training program for better success.

This study evaluated the effects of a 12-week training program on the attacking skills of shuttlecock female athletes aged 14-15 from two teams in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Due to the limited number of shuttlecock players in each team (03 players), only twelve female adolescent shuttlecock athletes (14 to 15 years)  were conveniently and randomly chosen for the experimental group (EG) (n=6) and the control group (CG) (n=6). The experimental group was given twenty-six exercises to practice and improve their attacking skills. The training program included 6 sessions per week, with 30-35 minutes of practicing the striking shuttlecock techniques, one of the attacking skills in the shuttlecock game. At the same time, the control group was given a permanent training program with a focus on comprehensive skills designed earlier.

After the treatment, the mean values of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Concurrently, the percent change of the experimental group was also better than that of the control group.

A 12-week training program with 13 supplementary technical exercises could improve the technical performance of young female shuttlecock athletes.

Clinical educational environments play a substantial role in the teaching of medical residents and fellows. In order to improve the quality of clinical education, its status should be evaluated. Therefore, we aimed to inquire about the educational environment of Plastic Surgery fellows in two teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran using the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM).

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, Plastic Surgery fellows studying in two teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran, in 2022 were included. The Persian version of the PHEEM questionnaire was applied for assessing the clinical educational environment. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.

Twenty six Plastic Surgery fellows were studied, 15.4% of whom were women (n=4) and 84.6% were men (n=22). The mean total score of the PHEEM questionnaire was 89.68±26.02. The highest mean score was in the teaching dimension (35.08), while the lowest mean score was in the social support dimension (25.42).

Most dissatisfaction among Plastic Surgery fellows were in the field of social support. It is necessary to adopt proper educational policies to improve the supportive resources for Plastic Surgery fellows.

Marital conflicts are the result of a couple disagreeing about personal goals, motivations, values, or behavioral priorities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the solution-based couple therapy and training of couple communication program (TCCP) on the marital conflict resolution style of women visiting counseling centers.

The present study was a quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all women with conflict (N=240) who were referred to specialized counseling centers for family consolidation in the 19th district of Tehran in 2020. The research sample consisted of 60 people who were selected by the available sampling method and were randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). After performing the pre-test, solution-based couple therapy and TCCP were performed on the experimental groups, but the control group did not receive any treatment. In the end, a post-test was performed on all three groups. The research instrument included a Rahim Couples Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire and data were analyzed by analysis of variance. The significant level was set at 0.05.

The results showed that solution-based couple therapy and TCCP are effective in the marital conflict resolution style of women referring to counseling centers. Also, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of solution-based couple therapy and TCCP on the marital conflict resolution style of women referring to counseling centers (Pvalue=0.025).

solution-based couple therapy and training of couple communication programs can reduce the marital conflict of women referring to counseling centers to an acceptable level.

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical nurse specialists training program in Zhejiang Province, China, from participants’ perspectives.

This cross-sectional study was conducted with 209 PICU nurse specialists who participated in the training program from 2016 to 2021. All participants completed an online questionnaire two years after graduation. We collected their demographic characteristics and their development status after the training (e.g., continuous improvement of core competence, research skills, and promotion). Chi-squared test was applied to assess the differences in effectiveness across subgroups.

In total, 209 (87.8%) out of 238 nurses responded to the survey among whom 73.7% launched new projects in their hospital after training and 75% published research articles in peer-reviewed journals. Also, 32.4% received promotions, and 67% participated in ICU-related continuing education programs. Based on multivariate regression analysis, the execution of new projects was closely related to the nurse’s position and the level of their working hospitals. The job title and position were associated with publication, research performance, promotion, and continuing education.

The nurse specialists of the PICU carried out a set of new projects implanting new skills that they had learned from the training program. Their core competence was improved, including theoretical knowledge and operation skills, teaching capacities, and scientific research abilities. Many trainees published papers, applied for research grants, got promotions, and had further opportunities for continuing education.

This study aimed to provide a competency-based training model for the Red Crescent Society rescuers and relief workers.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and the required data were collected through mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative).  In the qualitative section, the statistical population consisted of academic and organizational experts as well as experts in the field of education who were selected by purposeful sampling. Theoretical saturation was reached after interviews with 20 subjects. In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of all the rescuers and relief workers of the Red Crescent Society in Tehran province (335 people), Iran. The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling and surveyed using a researcher-made questionnaire that was scored based on a 5-point scale.

In this section, quantitative data analysis was performed in SPSS and SmartPLS3 software in two areas of analysis (descriptive and inferential) and interpretation of results.

The results led to the identification of 25 components, 81 indicators, and 8 main dimensions of competency-based education. These dimensions include the educational environment (0.735), learners (0.623), execution of the educational program (0.615); competency needs assessment (0.563), educational design and planning (0.504), development of competency criteria (0.420), educational evaluation (0.397), and review and update of the educational process and program (0.341), in the order of priority.

Increasing in elderly’s population and their individual and social problems especially mental health problem in this group need special attention. The aim of this study was evaluation of health promotion behaviors training program efficacy on general health components in elderlies referring to health centers in Isfahan city.

This study was a tri phasic field trial in 2014 in which 72 elderlies allocated randomly in two case and control groups. Case group participated in 9 training sessions on stress management and interpersonal relationships and the control group participated in 2 sessions with a neutral discussion content. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire and general health questionnaire 28. Pretest, posttest, and 2‑month follow‑up were performed in two groups. Data were analyzed by t‑test, analysis of variance with repeated measurement, least significant difference post hoc test, and SPSS 20 software.

Findings of this study showed that the average of general health score in case and control groups had not significant difference before the intervention (P > 0.05). However, the mean difference of general health score after intervention and 2‑month follow‑up was statistically significant in two groups (P < 0.001).

This study showed that interpersonal relationship and stress management training program are effective on promotion of mental health in elderlies. Hence, the findings of this study can be used in the field of treatment and care of the elderly by other health‑care categories.

Community health officers (CHOs) are a newly introduced cadre of mid‑level health‑care providers who will man the health and wellness centers under Ayushman Bharat Mission in India. Need‑based training will help them fulfil their role in early diagnosis, treatment, and referral of tuberculosis (TB) patients. The present study identified the gaps in the awareness about TB in a heterogeneous group of trainees and addressed them through need‑based training.

A before and after the study was carried out in 110 trainee CHOs at Rural Medical College, Loni. In‑depth interviews were conducted with public health experts and focus group discussion was conducted with trainees to gain the quality inputs. Structured questionnaires based on training objectives specifically pertaining to TB were designed. Training was provided with an emphasis on addressing the gaps identified in the pretest. Posttest evaluation was done at the end of the training to assess its effectiveness. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version. 17.0 (Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

The mean pretest score was 15.15 (standard deviation [SD] = 3.55) which improved after 6 months training to 24.01 (SD = 1.223), i.e., from 60% to 96%. There was highly significant improvement in overall knowledge score of trainees (t = 28.124, df = 109, P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant improvement in scores of all topics at the end of 6 months training in both Nursing and Ayurved graduates. Except for knowledge regarding the treatment of multidrug‑resistant TB (P = 0.004), knowledge about all other topics was comparable in nursing and Ayurved graduates at the end.

Needs assessment proved effective in identifying the gaps in knowledge and skills of interdisciplinary trainee CHOs. Medical colleges with expertise in teaching, training, and health service provision can work with the public health system to provide a model for rapid upgrading and capacity building to meet health‑care challenges such as TB.

 Cesarean section is one of the most important and common surgeries, and surgical incision wound disorders are one of the medical problems. Self-care behaviors can be effective in accelerating the wound healing process.

 This study was conducted to determine the effect of a self-care training program on surgical incision wound healing in women undergoing cesarean section.

 This study was a quasi-experimental clinical trial on 72 women undergoing cesarean section in 2017 at one of the medical centers of Sarpol-e Zahab. Sampling was continuous, and subjects were randomly assigned to control or intervention groups based on inclusion criteria. The mothers of the experimental group were given a surgical wound care booklet, and the contents were taught by the researcher in 45 - 60 minutes one day before cesarean section. The learning rate was measured before and after the intervention at the clinic. Cesarean section wound healing was assessed 24 hours and nine days after cesarean section using REEDA tools in both groups. The collected information was analyzed by statistical indices (standard deviation and mean) and tests (independent t-test, Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests) by using IBM SPSS software version 20.

 The mean score of cesarean section wound healing 24 hours after surgery was 1.1 ± 39.38 in the intervention group and 1.1 ± 92.60 in the control group that had no significant differences (P < 0.13). However, the mean score of cesarean section wound healing nine days after surgery was 0.0 ± 53.65 in the intervention group and 1.1 ± 43.28 in the control group, which showed a significant difference (P = 0.001).

 According to the findings, it can be concluded that a self-care training program is effective in accelerating the surgical incision wound healing in women undergoing cesarean section. Thus, we propose to use this self-care training program in pregnant mothers undergoing cesarean section.

Oro-dental health is one of the most important factors affecting children's health. Healthcare workers’ knowledge is one of the most important factors for oro-dental health services. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the effect of education on healthcare workers’ knowledge of oro-dental health.

This experimental study was conducted in the rural regions located in south-eastern Iran in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. 120 healthcare workers were selected by a convenience sampling method based on Morgan's table and were randomly divided into experimental (n = 60) and control groups (n = 60). First, both groups completed the questionnaire; then, intervention was conducted for the experimental group in ten 2-hour sessions over 5 weeks. Finally, both groups completed the questionnaire one week after the education.

In the pre-test, the mean scores of the healthcare workers about overall knowledge in the intervention (12.50 ± 5.07) and control (12.46 ± 4.71) groups had no significant difference (P = 0.42); whereas, in the post-test, the mean scores of overall knowledge in the intervention (14.23 ± 2.77) and control (12.61 ± 4.84) groups showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). Results of study showed significant differences between the two groups in dimensions of the dental knowledge, oro-dental health principles, and how to provide oro-dental care (P < 0.01).

Given the importance of preventive oro-dental care in children, it is recommended that health education programs in the field of oro-dental health be designed and implemented within the framework of the educational model.

 Aiming to explore learners’ viewpoint regarding training program of health care providers based on CIPP model, this research was conducted on health care providers in the city of Sabzevar in 2017. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 139 health care providers working in the health centers of Sabzevar. The data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and evaluation questions of training program of health care providers in four domains: context, input, process, and output.  The three modes of undesirable, slightly desirable and desirable were measured in each domain.  Through investigating learners’ viewpoint, the results of the research indicated that the situation of context and output of training program of health care providers were highly desirable, while the situation of input and process of the program were somewhat desirable. Overall, the results showed that the highest score among the four factors of the CIPP model belonged to the context factor with the mean score of 39.46 + 8.53 and the product factor with the mean score of 28.61 + 7.36 reflected the lowest score. The final results of the exploring learners’ viewpoint of training program of health care providers indicate a range of slightly desirable to desirable situation for the program. To achieve a highly desirable level, it is incumbent upon the officials to reinforce the important factors such as teaching and assessment methods to their instructors. In addition, creating a definite plan for costs and developing the accessibility of welfare facilities seem to be crucial. Finally, it is worth planning more accurately in order to increase learners’ contribution while undertaking ongoing evaluation to receive feedback for revising the teaching program.

Several factors are associated with residency programs (1). For the assessment process of the residency program, applicants’ official transcripts, curriculum vitae, personal letters, references, and performance at interviews are usually used (1). Orthopedic residency selection is affected by program and staff reputation as well as by hospital facilities provided by the institution (1). Social and geographic influences are also related to residency program. In surgical fields, residency training, access to a variety of surgical instrument and component, and up-to-date device are of crucial importance (1).  According to US claims, the goal of economic sanctions against Iran is not drug and health care. While they have indirectly imposed restriction and lack of adequate access to drug and medical equipment. The US administration’s withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal in May 2018 has threatened the lives of nearly 80 million Iranians (2). The health system has also been affected. Initially, the drug preparation was disrupted especially in patients with malignancy (2). Also, Iran is one of the most traumatic countries in the world. Orthopedic and general surgeons are involved with both traumatic patients and patients with skeletal and non-skeletal malignancies (3). Economic sanctions resulted in a decrease in general governmental budget and Iran's currency value. So, the cost of diagnostic methods, imagining equipment preparation, and arthroplasty devices will increase and  would be far affordable by public health insurance(4). In the previous sanctions against Iran before the deal breaks down, many patients with blood diseases requiring blood production suffered from serious problems (5,6). Malignancy treatments with radiotherapy and chemotherapy posed a serious problem as Iran's facilities were below the world standard level; the number of these facilities also fell sharply during the embargo before 2015 (4). Similar to arthroplasty devices and imagining modalities, novel chemotherapy drugs and new biologic anti-cancer agent and orthopedic equipment are too expensive and consequently impose a huge cost on the health system. Iranian public insurance system may not be able to afford it for the increasing number of patients.  More than 95% of Iranians are covered by public or government insurance, but their inability to cover the cost of these expensive treatments and equipment restricts the supply of such equipments by governmental hospitals (4,5). This was a miserable experience in the era of economic sanctions which ended by 2015 nuclear deal (5). However, history is repeated itself. Currently, governmental hospitals are facing a lot of problems in providing equipment which indirectly affects the residency education and training program in the extended areas of Iran. Many surgical procedures are not carried out and the required training equipment is not available so the educational programs are at risk.

The parents of children with intellectual disabilities may have problems in effective use of their time and hence, suffer from varying levels of stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of time use training on stress among the mothers of female children with intellectual disabilities. In this experimental study, eighty mothers of school-age female children with intellectual disabilities were selected through cluster random sampling from two schools in the west of Tehran, Iran. They were randomly allocated either to a control or an intervention group. A six-hour time use training workshop was held for participants in the intervention group, while their counterparts in the control group did not receive any time use training. Data on participants’ time use and stress were collected before and six weeks after the intervention using the Mothers’ Time Use Questionnaire and the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress, respectively. The Chi-square, paired-sample t, and independent-samples t tests were used for data analysis. The mean score of time management quality in the intervention group significantly increased from 42.10 ± 6.46 to 46.80 ± 6.98 (P = 0.003) and the mean score of stress in this group significantly reduced from 29.3 ± 4.46 to 26.38 ± 5.67 (P = 0.007). However, none of these mean scores significantly changed in the control group (P > 0.05). The mothers of children with intellectual disability may benefit from time use training programs.

Maternal confidence is an extremely important factor in playing the mother’s role and her identity formation. Loss of self‑confidence occurs in primiparous women due to the lack of maternal skills. Obtaining the behaviors of maternal role and self‑confidence, the mother provides better care for her child. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of maternal role training program based on Mercer theory on maternal self‑confidence of primiparous women with unplanned pregnancy.

This clinical trial was performed on 67 primiparous women referring to Mashhad health centers. Individuals were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. A maternal role training program based on Mercer theory was carried out for intervention group (three sessions of group training in the 34th, 35th, and 36th weeks of pregnancy and one individual training session before discharge from the hospital and then, weekly follow‑up over the phone for 4 weeks). The control group received the normal pregnancy care. The research tools were questionnaires of demographic characteristics, London, DASS 21, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Parenting Sense of Competence, General Impressions on Infant Temperament Questionnaire, and Six Simple Questions. Maternal self‑confidence was measured before training, 4 weeks after delivery, and 4 months after delivery. Data analysis was carried out using independent t‑test, Chi‑square test, paired t‑test, Mann–Whitney test, one‑way ANOVA, and Wilcoxon test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was a significant difference between mean maternal self‑confidence changes (before training and 4 weeks after delivery (P = 0.003) and before training and 4 months after delivery (P = 0.001) in both groups. After eliminating the effect of interventional variables, the mean scores of maternal self‑confidence after training in the intervention group had a statistically significant difference with that in the control group (P = 0.001).

Maternal role training program based on Mercer theory increases maternal self‑confidence in primiparous women with unplanned pregnancy. Teaching maternal role is recommended to all health‑care providers.