verbal memory

Memory, one of the main cognitive functions, is known to decline with age. Serious games have been used to improve memory in the elderly. The Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of serious games in improving verbal and non-verbal memory.

All international databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ISI, Web of Knowledge and Embase were reviewed and searched based on keywords related to the study objectives until March 2023. The Present study was conducted based on the PRISMA 2020 checklist and Google Scholar search engine was also used to find related articles. Mean differences (95% confidence interval) were calculated using fixed effect model. Stata/MP v.17 software was used to perform meta-analysis

After reviewing the abstracts of 624 articles, 105 articles were selected for full text review, of which 11 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The difference in the mean verbal memory score between the serious game group and the control group was 0.40 (MD, 0.40, 95% CI 0.30, 0.50; P>0.001). The difference in the average non-verbal memory score between the serious game group and the control group was 0.47 (MD, 0.40, 95% CI 0.37, 0.57; P<0.001).

Serious games have the Potential to improve verbal and non-verbal memory in elderly People with cognitive impairment. Serious games should be offered as an adjunct to existing Proven and safe interventions rather than a complete replacement until stronger evidence is available.

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification and mental imagery on visual and verbal memory of female high school students in Yazd city.

The present experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest pre-posttest design along with a control group. Four high schools from district 2 education of Yazd were selected by cluster sampling method and 15 students from each high school were randomly selected and placed into three experimental and a control group. Initially, all subjects were tested by Wechsler memory scale. The subjects were exposed to eight different educational sessions. The experimental groups included (Experimental group 1: Cognitive bias modification training group), (Experimental group 2: Mental imagery training group), and (Experimental groups 3: Cognitive bias modification and Mental imaging training). The control group had no intervention. After completing the experimental group training, the 4 groups were tested by the Wechsler memory scale.

cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery training significantly affected visual memory (P = 0.001, F = 24.264) and this effect was 57%, while the effect of cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery had a significant effect on verbal memory (P = 0.053, F = 2.7226) and had an effect of 13%. It is therefore confirmed that cognitive bias modification training and mental imagery enhance learners' visual and verbal memory performance.

Such interventions can have a significant contribution in learning, school efficiency, and medical clinical treatments.

Traumatic brain injury is one of the significant causes of death and physical and psychological disability that can effect on verbal memory, stress management and alexithymia. As a result, present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation group therapy on verbal memory, stress management and alexithymia in patients with traumatic brain injury.

The method of this study was a semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups. The research population was patients with traumatic brain injury, referring to Birjand hospitals in the 2018 year. After studying the inclusion criteria, the number of 30 people was selected by the available sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups. , The experimental group, trained ten sessions (twice weekly) with the technique of cognitive rehabilitation group therapy, and the control group didn’t receive training. Research tools were verbal memory and stress management subscales and alexithymia scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software and by methods of Fisher, Chi-square, independent t, and multivariate analysis of covariance.

The findings showed that at the pre-test stage there was no significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of verbal memory, stress management and alexithymia (P > 0.05), but at the post-test stage there was a significant difference in terms of all three variables (P < 0.05). In the other words, cognitive rehabilitation group therapy led to increase verbal memory (F = 137.905, P < 0.001) and stress management (F = 34.883, P < 0.001) and decrease alexithymia (F = 91.430, P < 0.001) in patients with traumatic brain injury.

The results indicated the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation group therapy in improving verbal memory, stress management, and alexithymia in patients with traumatic brain injury. Therefore, therapists can use the method of cognitive rehabilitation group therapy to enhance psychological characteristics, especially increase verbal memory and stress management and decrease alexithymia.

Verbal memory refers to the memory of words and other abstractions related to language. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus type 1 on verbal memory considering the moderation role of rumination in adolescents. Using a suitable sampling method, 40 adolescents with diabetes type 1 were selected from members of the Iranian Association for Diabetes. Also, using random sampling method, 40 students from Tehran area 2 were selected as control group. After collecting the rumination questionnaire, subjects were tested by verbal auditory test for verbal memory evaluation. Multiple variance analysis was used to analyze the data. There was a significant difference between two groups (p> 0.001). Therefore, the performance of subjects with diabetes type 1 was weaker than normal subjects in verbal memory. Also, subjects with higher rumination scores showed a weaker performance in verbal auditory test (p> 0.001). The results showed that diabetes type 1 causes a decrease in verbal memory function; also, rumination affects the verbal memory function. It should be noted that rumination and diabetes type 1 affect different factors of verbal memory, so rumination does not play a moderating role.

Most previous studies have shown that the language abilities of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are weaker than normal children. But there is no study that examines the impact of ADHD on all areas of linguistic abilities at the same time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lack of simultaneous and separately linguistic functions in children with ADHD.
For this purpose, 163 students from the fourth and fifth grades of primary school in the middle of the city were selected conveniently and randomly. Verbal memory, naming speed, verbal fluency, language ability, reading abilities, attention, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity were assessed.
The results showed that the verbal memory, naming speed, verbal fluency, reading ability, attention at the same time in ADHD children are weaker than normal children (Wilk's λ= 0.153, F(19,143)=41.5, p The research showed that language abilities in children with ADHD are separately weaker than normal children and also language abilities in sum were significantly different between them.

Obsessive compulsive disorder is a debilitating disorder that indicated by unwanted, involuntary, and involuntary thoughts, impulses and images. There is a lot of evidence of the damage to executive functions of obsessive-compulsive disorder and there seems there is a defect in verbal and verbal memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The purpose of the present study was to provide a structural model of the relationships between concentration components and attention shift with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and visual-verbal memory in the clinical population. For purpose this, in a descriptive study of correlation type selected 280 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder among clinics and psychiatrists in Urmia city by available exampling and were tested in terms of signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention control and verbal - verbal paired associations. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling showed that have a signification relationship between verbal memory and visual memory in the from directly and indirectly related to mediating attention control with OCD symptoms. It seems attention focusing and changing attention can be Mediator role as a mediator variable in the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and visual and verbal memory.

Cognitive deficits are common complaints voiced by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have confirmed these deficits. In the other hand، depression has considerable evidence in these patients; whereas، depression can affect the cognitive performances; it is possible that some of these confirmed cognitive deficits had been caused by depression. This study investigated and compared the cognitive performances of depressed and non-depressed patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls. In this causal-comparative research، 52 patients with multiple sclerosis (26 depressed and 26 non-depressed patients) from Kashani hospital in Isfahan، Iran، and 26 healthy controls were selected. They were assessed through the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)، Color Trail Test (CTT)، verbal memory test and visual memory test. The data was analyzed using covariance method. There were significant differences in attention، immediate and delayed (recall) verbal memory performance between the depressed patients with multiple sclerosis and the two other groups (P = 0. 002). In additon، there were significant differences in delayed (recall and recognition) visual memory performance between healthy group and the two other groups (P = 0. 020). But، there were no significant differences، in immediate visual and delayed (recognition) verbal memory performances، between the three groups. The cognitive performance of the patients with multiple sclerosis not only is affected by neurologic injuries but also it is affected by depression. Depression can cause or intensify the cognitive deficits of the patients with multiple sclerosis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Metacognitive therapy (MCT) on working memory and verbal memory in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Methods & Materials: This quasi-experimental research was conducted with pre-posttest design with control groups. The statistical population consisted all patients with a diagnosis of PTSD were referred to the center therapy in Esfahan and Najafabad city. For this purpose, 30 patients with PTSD were selected with available sampling and were randomly divided to an experimental and control group. All patients were assessed by demographic information Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Wechsler test of verbal memory WMS-II & N-backat pre and posttest. The experimental group received 8 Metacognitive therapy sessions. Analysis of covariance showed that at post test, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in working memory, and verbal memory(P<0.05). Also the experimental group did not show significant differences in the components of a simple verbal memory and second level of working memory. According to the findings about the effect of Metacognitive therapy on improves working memory and verbal memory, the treatment can be used for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Memory is one of the aspects of cognitive function which is widely affected among aged people. Since aging has different effects on different memorial systems and little studies have investigated auditory-verbal memory function in older adults using dichotic listening techniques، the purpose of this study was to evaluate the auditory-verbal memory function among old people using Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test. The Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test was administered to 23 old people ranging 60-80 years and 30 young people aging 20-30 years، with normal and symmetric hearing in both ears. The performance of the two groups was compared. The mean score of young (6. 36±0. 43) and old (4. 58±0. 74) adults on dichotic auditory-verbal memory test were significantly difference (p=0. 001). The correlation test showed a negative correlation between age and the memory scores in aged people (r=0. 36). A significant difference in recall of early (p=0. 034)، middle (p=0. 037)، and final (p=0. 041) words was seen between aged and young people. Based on the obtained results، significant reduction in auditory memory was seen in aged group and the Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test، like many other auditory verbal memory tests، showed the aging effects on auditory verbal memory performance.

Increasing demand for memory assessment in clinical settings in Iran، as well as the absence of a comprehensive and standardized task based upon the Persian culture and language in children population، requires the Persian version of the commonly used neuropsychological measure of verbal learning and memory، the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in this group. Therefore، the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the Persian version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In the present study for determining the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test، 46 normal children and 37 children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder، all right-handed and aged between 7 and 11 of both genders، were evaluated using the Persian version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Sustained Auditory Attention Capacity Test. In determining convergent validity، a negative significant correlation was found between the three parts of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (sum، immediate and delayed recall) and the total score index of Sustained Auditory Attention Capacity Test (r = - 0. 536، p=0. 001). By comparing the test scores between the normal and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder groups، discriminant validity analysis showed significant differences of their data in all parts of the test (p<0. 001). Also، in evaluating reliability with the second version of the test on 23 normal children، results showed high correlation between the two version. The Persian version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test has good validity and reliability، and along with other neuropsychological tests، it can be used for the investigation of memory deficits in children suspected to have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Hearing loss and tinnitus are two auditory effects of hearing system damage due to occupational noise exposure. These factors can have non-auditory effects by themselves and impact on brain cognitive performance. In our study، the effect of occupational noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus on cognition and auditory-verbal memory was investigated. Our study was done on 42 male workers aged 40 to 56 years in three groups of workers with 1) hearing loss، 2) hearing loss and tinnitus and 3) normal hearing. Workers in two first groups had a long history of working in environments with excessive noise، and third group was matched control workers with normal hearing. Hearing impaired persons had symmetrical moderate falling sensory-neural hearing loss in the both ears. For all subjects، Mini-Mental State Examination and Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Tests were performed in identical conditions. Normal hearing group had higher scores in all stages of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning test than two other groups and their means differences in three A1، Sum and Recognition stages were significant (p≤0. 034). Similar finding was observed in the Mini-Mental Examination test too (p≤0. 025). Our study revealed effect of noise induced hearing loss and tinnitus due to prolonged exposure to noise over the limit on general cognition and auditory-verbal memory. Given the preventable nature of auditory and non-auditory effects of occupational noise، administration and control of hearing conservation programs and training of workers can be the suitable and proposed solution.

Williams syndrome is rare، affecting about one in 10،000 people worldwide. It is a chromosomal disorder caused by a spontaneous deletion of 26-28 genes on the long arm of chromosome 7. Affected children suffer from cognitive، language، and verbal memory problems، besides major deficits in the visual field and spatial memory. In this report some problems of this disorder and its therapeutic bases are discussed.

Assessment of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients is very important. Because the cognitive deficiencies in memory and intelligence are the fundamental and underlying aspects. Both indicate from a structural and neurological similar deficits. The present study sought to examine the impact of severity and prognosis of schizophrenia on cognitive function, such as memory and intelligence and the relationship between intelligence and memory. In this study, 60 schizophrenia patients participate, who had at least 2 years of their diagnosis. Based on interviews by the PANSS scale in the two groups of 30 persons including the first group with mild symptoms (stable group) and the second group with severe symptoms (deteriorate group), were studied. Two groups by age, literacy, lack of mental retardation before diagnosis of disease, the use of ECT, the lack of anti-psychotic drug treatment more than three months during the past year were cloning. the Wechsler memory test and the raven IQ test for adults were used, the results were analyzed with using independent t-test, correlation and regression. Average of memory quotient in stable group with 77.4 and in deteriorated group with 65.93 had significant difference (p=0.002). Average of IQ in stable group with 84.26 and in deteriorated group with 76.9 had significant difference (p=0.015). Regression test showed that the memory can be predicted from IQ (p=0.001). with severity of disease and deteriorated of schizophrenia and negative symptoms, deficiency in memory, has increased. In these patients, there was a positive relationship between intelligence and memory. The level of intelligence was in deteriorated group significantly lower than from stable group

Evaluation of cognition is fundamental for every comprehensive epilepsy rogram. This study conducted to assess memory state of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy efore decision for epilepsy surgery.

In a case-control study, 20 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and 20 atients with left temporal lobe epilepsy were selected using convenience sampling method in Kashani ospital, Iran and 20 normal people as a control group were randomly selected. Memory state was valuated using the Wechsler Memory Scale. The results were analyzed using multivariate analysis.

In mental control, logical memory, digit span and visual memory subscales, significant differences were obtained between right-left temporal lobe epilepsy and control group (P < 0.001). However there was not a statistically difference between right lobe temporal epilepsy and left temporal lobe epilepsy in 7 subscales.

Our findings indicated the ability of Wechsler Memory Scale to differentiate temporal lobe pilepsy.