wrestling

Special attention is needed to assess constant wrist pain to avoid missed carpal bone fractures subsequent to traumatic events. Also, the consideration of avascular necrosis of carpal bones such as scaphoid bone after a traumatic or stress fracture is very important. We hereby report a young elite wrestler who has been complaining about pain in his both wrists for about two years before his visit to our clinic. The interesting point about this athlete is bilateral involvement and that the second pathology was probably overuse without any trauma.

Wrestling is always accompanied by damage to various body parts. Most trainers recommend exercises to increase balance in order to improve performance and reduce the risk of injury. Therefore, the present study examines the relationship between neuromuscular mechanisms with dynamic balance and upper extremity function of wrestlers.

This is a correlation study whose participants include free-style and Greco-Roman wrestlers of 21.05±2.25 years old in Rasht. This study was conducted on 42 wrestlers who met the criteria to enter the research and were selected by the available sampling method. In this study, in order to evaluate the dynamic balance and the upper extremity function, Y Balance Test and Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-UQ) were used, respectively. In addition, to measure the depth of shoulder flexion, ankle plantar flexion, shoulder flexion amplitude, and ankle plantar flexion, and to assess the strength of shoulder flexion force, ankle plantar flexion, muscle flexion of shoulder, and ankle plantar flexion, an electrogonimeter device and a dynamometer were used, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were used to study the research hypotheses.

The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between the range of motion of ankle plantar flexion (r=0.64) and the normalized power of plantar flexors (r=0.85) with lower limb dynamic balance (P=0.03). There is also a significant negative relationship between the sensory errors of ankle plantar flexors force (r=-0.84) and the reconstruction of ankle plantar flexion (r=-0.85) with the lower limb dynamic balance (P=0.02). Moreover, the results show that there is a significant positive relationship between the range of motion of the Shoulder flexion (r=0.71) and the normalized power shoulder flexor (r=0.74) with upper limb function (P=0.001). There is also a significant negative relationship between the sensory error of shoulder flexor (r=-0.72) and the sense of reconstruction of shoulder flexion angle (r=-0.75) with upper limb function (P=0.03).

It appears that the neuromuscular mechanisms are effective factors in upper extremity function and dynamic balance of wrestlers. Therefore, consideration of these neuromuscular mechanisms is necessary to prevent injury and improve wrestlers' athletic performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Range of Motion (ROM) and balance symmetry between dominant and non-dominant arms in classic female wrestlers.

In this cross-sectional study, 13 members of the Iranian Women’s National Classic Wrestling Team participated voluntarily. The shoulder ROM was measured by a goniometer and dynamic balance was assessed by the Y-balance test. Data analysis was done by running a paired t-test, with a 0.95 confidence level (α<0.05).

There was no significant difference between dominant and non-dominant upper extremities in flexion (P=0.162), extension (P=0.264), abduction (P=0.077), internal rotation (P=0.972), and external rotation (0.945). A significant difference was found in the Y-balance test in medial (P=0.026) and inferior-lateral directions (P=0.047), but no significant difference in superior-lateral direction (P=0.715) and composite score (P=0.071).

Based on the results, it seems that the balance in the dominant arm is better than that in non-dominant arm in the athletes so the non-dominant arm may be at more risk for injury development. We, therefore, recommend that the coaches and trainers pay particular attention to these findings in designing the injury prevention programs.

Wrestling, due to its contact and oppressive training nature, is subject to massive injuries. The present study aimed to compare musculoskeletal injuries between professional Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers.

This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The statistical population consists of male Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers (N=86; age: 15-20 years) in Guilan Province, Iran. The study participants had a history of at least two continual years of wrestling training of 3 weekly sessions and participating in national and international competitions. The modified Fuller and Hawkins questionnaire was applied for recording recent two-year injuries. Using the descriptive statistics, the retrieved data were summarized and classified in tables. Besides, the difference between the study variables was determined by the Chi-squared test in SPSS.

A statistically significant difference was observed in neck injuries between the investigated Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers (P=0.01). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in the frequency of training per week (P=0.01), techniques (P=0.001), and injury mechanisms (P=0.02) between the two study groups.

The present study findings revealed a significant difference in neck injury between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers. Furthermore, a significant difference was detected in the frequency of training, techniques, mechanism of injury, and the injury rate between the study groups. Designing appropriate training sessions and plans and teaching the principles of warm-up and procedures for preventing additional damage in wrestlers are suggested to coaches

Today, the necessity of studying the ethics of sport in the world of sports is obvious in national and international dimensions, especially given that in contemporary sport unfortunately ethical standards is less considered in the sports fields and is going to be weaker every day.

The current study aimed at investigating the effect of moral orientation on the performance of wrestlers in Iran by explaining the model and providing a strategy.

The statistical population of the study included wrestlers participating in Iranian national Greco-Roman and freestyle (adults, youth, adolescents), Alich and Grapling (men and women), and Pahlavani (N = 220) wrestling teams. The current field study with descriptive-correlational design was specifically conducted based on structural equation modeling (SEM), relied on covariance. To collect data, questionnaire of moral orientation in physical education developed by Miltiadis in 2010 and the individual performance scale developed by Koopmans (2014) were used.

The results showed that moral orientation had a positive and significant effect (r = 0.404, p = 0.001) on performance. Also, the components of deontological ethics, Teological ethics, and civil liability had a significant effect on the level of performance. Also, the path analysis model showed a positive and significant relationship between moral orientation (t-value = 6.04, r = 0.52).

Finally, it is concluded that moral orientation as one of the important criteria in the field of wrestling can have a significant effect on the performance of wrestlers and leads to an increase in their performance.

  The traditional resistance training is the most effective way known to increase muscle mass. However, high-intensity resistance training may be difficult for some individuals and specific groups. In addition, most people are not encouraged to engage in high-intensity resistance training. Therefore, an alternative intervention is needed to solve this problem. The aim of this study was to compare the acute hormonal responses to high and low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction in young wrestlers. Thirty young wrestlers (age: 16.51 ± 2.1 years, weight: 53.23 ± 7.13 kg, height: 165.14 ± 8.42 cm, body mass index (BMI): 18.64 ± 1.35 kg/m2) participated in a quasi-experimental research. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of resistance training: Low-intensity (LI), high-intensity (HI), and low-intensity with blood flow restriction (LI-BFR). The training protocol included three exercises: Leg extension, arm curl, and bench press. Blood samples were collected before and 30 minutes after the training sessions. The results showed that the creatine kinase level in the HI group, as well as the cortisol level in the HI and LI-BFR groups, increased significantly after resistance training (P < 0.05). In addition, testosterone/cortisol ratio decreased significantly in all groups (P < 0.05). However, testosterone levels did not change significantly in any groups (P > 0.05). Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that blood flow restriction training with the same anabolic effects, lower muscle damage index, less fatigue, and lower intensity is a better choice for training compared to high-intensity resistance training.

Although tapering techniques are widely used in a variety of sports, guidelines for the programming of optimal tapering strategy in wrestling have not been well established. So,

The propose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of tapering on plasma levels of pro- inflammatory cytokines and performance in elite male wrestlers.

Thirty elite male wrestlers participated in four weeks of incremental high intensity wrestling training (competition season), and so they randomly divided into three equal groups to continue the training for one week as Tapering 1 group (50% reduction in training volume), Tapering 2 group (75% reduction in training volume) and Control group (training with same volume). Blood samples were collected from all participants at the beginning of the 1st week and at the end of the 4th and 5th weeks. Plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were assayed using standard commercial ELISA kits. Aerobic and anaerobic power, sprint, agility, muscular endurance and strength tests were measured as performance factors.

The findings revealed that the performance score (F3,41=29.15; p<0.001), IL-6 (F2.729,36.839=116.7; p<0.001), and TNF-a (F2.846,38.428=8.11; p<0.001) elevated significantly after 4 weeks in all groups but it decreased, elevated, and elevated significantly during fifth week in Control group, respectively. Besides, after one week tapering (both 50% and 75% reduction in training volume) performance score and plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-a significantly elevated, decreased and suppressed, respectively.

Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels associated with decreased performance score and 1 week taper with 50% and 75% reduction in volume of training will essentially reverse these changes; and there are not any differences between two strategies of tapering.

The prevalence of rapid weight loss methods among wrestlers has raised concerns about the health and performance of these people. The purpose of this study was to assessment and comparison of rapid weight loss methods and its general effects in various weight groups of adult elite wrestlers.
In this analytical-descriptive study, the sample consisted of 40 elite wrestlers with mean age of 24.77 years (12 lightweight, 16 middleweight and 12 heavyweight wrestlers), who all had an experience of playing in the national team of the Islamic Republic of Iran for at least three years. The methods and the effects of rapid weight loss were evaluated using the validated Persian version of the Oppliger questionnaire (ICC>0.65). Finally, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests were used to examine differences between the 3 weight groups using SPSS 21 (p≤0.05).
The results of this study showed that the most commonly used methods for weight loss in all three weight groups included increased exercise (79%) and Intense dieting (76.7%). The results also showed that dizziness (74.4%), muscle cramp (69.7%) were the most frequent complications observed in various weight groups following rapid weight loss. Moreover the results showed there was no significant differences between the methods of rapid weight loss and its complications in various weight groups of wrestlers (P>0.05).
According to the results of this study it seems that the methods of rapid weight loss and its complications are similar in various weight groups of adult elite wrestlers. Therefore it seems necessary that adequate information about appropriate weight loss methods should be provided for them in order to prevent the complications of rapid weight loss.

Wrestling is a very popular sport the world over and its popularity is rapidly increasing in India. However, due to its arduous nature it is associated with a high incidence of injuries. Out of all the injuries, those to the knee are one of the commonest injuries reported..
Our aim was to study the pattern of these injuries in the Indian wrestlers..
A prospective study was conducted involving 196 wrestlers who were followed up over a period of 2 years. Their knee injuries were studied by means of a structured questionnaire which they filled up with assistance from their athletic trainers..
There were a total of 188 injuries in 121 wrestlers with overall injury rate of 5.13/1,000 athlete exposure. 35 wrestlers sustained 71 knee injuries (71/188; 37.77%). 71.83% injuries were new. More number of injuries occurred in competition (incidence density ratio = 20.7) and in attack position. There was a statistically significant association with age and duration of practice. No association was found between these injuries and style of wrestling, weight and height of wrestlers. Ligament sprains and muscular strains were the commonest injuries..
Goal of any such study is to minimize the risk of injury in the young athlete by understanding the factors responsible and development of preventive programs. We hope to do just that with this first study involving Indian wrestlers..

Because of varying reports, there is still need to investigate the impact of wrestling on hematological indices.
We investigated differences in the basic hematological indices in wrestlers compared to sedentary controls.
Patients and The blood samples containing anticoagulant were collected from 12 male elite wrestlers (age = 24 ± 1.2 years, weight = 76 ± 5 Kg) with a history of more than 9.5 years of experience and from 13 apparently healthy male silent controls (age = 24 ± 0.8 years, weight = 85 ± 4 Kg). All the participants were at rest for 24 hours during the blood collection. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MCHC), total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts, and platelet count were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer.
Concentration of Hb (154 ± 2 g/L), PCV (45.3 ± 0.6%), and lymphocyte percent (22.6 ± 3%) were lower in wrestlers than in the controls (Hb: 165 ± 3 g/L, PCV: 48.6 ± 0.8%, and lymphocyte: 33.2 ± 2%). However, higher neutrophil count (68.7 ± 3%) was seen in the athletes than in the controls (60.6 ± 2%). The other indices showed no differences between the two groups.
A low level of Hb concentration and PCV was detected in the blood of wrestlers. In addition, lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio was lower in the wrestlers, which may be a reason for wrestlers’ susceptibility to viral infections.

According to anecdotal findings, some wrestling coaches and wrestlers believe that cauliflower ear might lead to hearing loss. Our preliminary study showed that the prevalence of hearing loss reported by the wrestlers with cauliflower ear is significantly higher than this rate among wrestlers without cauliflower ear. To the best of our knowledge, no other study has confirmed this finding employing hearing tests. To evaluate and to compare the prevalence of hearing loss among wrestlers with and without cauliflower ears employing hearing tests.Patients and The subjects were randomly selected form 14 wrestling clubs in Tehran. Subjects were 201 wrestlers with cauliflower ears (100 wrestlers with one cauliflower ear and 101 wrestlers with two cauliflower ears) and 139 wrestlers without cauliflower ears. All the participants in this study were interviewed to collect information on demographic factors and medical history of risk factors and diseases related to hearing loss. The subjects in both groups underwent otoscopic and audiologic examinations. Audiometric examination results at the frequency range of 0.5 - 8 KHz showed that the prevalence of hearing loss among cauliflower ears was higher than this rate among non-cauliflower ears. Also, the percentage of positive history of ear infections among cauliflower ears (8.4%) was about two times more than this finding among non-cauliflower ears (4.9%). This difference tended to be significant (OR: 1.86, P = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.98 - 3.53). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the prevalence of hearing loss among cauliflower ears is higher than this rate among non-cauliflower ears confirmed by audiological tests. This emphasizes that, more preventive measures such as mandatory ear gear for wrestlers are required.

Wrestling was an important part of the ancient Olympic Games and is still one of the most popular events of the modern Olympic Games. Studies indicate that general physiologic profile of successful wrestlers is high anaerobic power and capacity, muscular strength, above average aerobic power, exceptional flexibility, fat free mass, and a mesomorphic somatotype. The objective of the present study was to evaluate anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of elite male wrestlers.Patients and The Colombian Wrestling Team was evaluated while in preparation for the Olympic Games (n = 21; age, 27.9 ± 6.7 years). Athletes were tested on anthropometric and fitness parameters: body composition, somatotype distribution according to Heath-Carter, aerobic capacity, vertical jump, and anaerobic power. The evaluations showed a mean body fat percentage of 13.6% ± 3.0% (95% CI, 12.2%-15%), muscle mass of 46.4% ± 2.2% (95% CI, 45.4%-47.4%), Ponderal index of 41.0 ± 1.8 (95% CI, 40.2-41.8), body adiposity index (BAI) 25.1 ± 3.6 (95% CI, 23.5-26.8), and somatotype distribution mesomorphic-ectomorph (5.3-1.6-3.8). Mean aerobic capacity was 45.9 ± 6.6 mL/kg/min (95% CI, 42.8-48.9), vertical jump was 36.4 ± 6.6 cm (95% CI, 11.8-16.6), and anaerobic power was 92.6 ± 19.5 kg/s (95% CI, 83.7-101.5). These results provided a profile of elite wrestlers that could be used as training targets for developing athletes. The results may also provide information for training and tactical planning.

Report keratoconus in two patients with a long history of wrestling without any risk factor for corneal ectasia and reviewing the possible pathogenesis. To confirm suspicion of keratoconus, corneal topography was performed using scanning slit topography system and Orbscan. In two wrestlers with the complaint of visual loss in their eyes and IOP raising, corneal topography was performed and development of keratoconus (KCN) was detected. Athletes involved in sports with high strenuous exercises might need routine eye examination and also a baseline corneal topography. This may provide an earlier detection of KCN in this group of athletics.