جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شیر مادر » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Breast fissure is a disorder during breastfeeding that causes the lack of successful breastfeeding. Considering its high prevalence and due to the anti-inflammatory properties of ostrich oil, this study was conducted with aim to compare the effect of ostrich oil and breast milk on the improvement of breast fissures in lactating primiparous women.

This clinical trial study was conducted on 106 lactating primiparous women in 2022-2023. Mothers were divided into two groups of ostrich oil and breast milk (n=53 in each group). After teaching the correct method of breastfeeding, they continued the treatment 3 times a day for one week. In the intervention group, lactating women covered the nipple and the surrounding area with ostrich oil, and in the control group with their breast milk, for one consecutive week. The intensity of pain and nipple fissure score were recorded by the researcher based on the quality of visual analogue and the result of Store. Data analysis was done using SPSS statistical software (version 25) and independent t-test, paired t-test, chi-square, analysis of variance with repeated data and Fisher's exact tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean nipple pain before the intervention was not significant in the two groups (p=0.659), but there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups on the 7th and 10th days after delivery (p<0.001). There was a significant difference in the severity of nipple damage before and after the intervention in the two groups (p<0.001); So that the severity of damage in the ostrich oil group was higher before the intervention and less during the 7 days of treatment.

Ostrich oil improves breast fissures and reduces nipple pain.

Human milk has properties that can be absorbed in terms of quality and quantity, providing the energy and growth of the child. The theory of planned behavior is one of the patterns of behavior change aimed at determining the main behavior. In this model, the intention itself is affected by three independent constructs: attitude, abstract norm, and control. The present study aimed to assess the factors affecting the tendency towards exclusive breastfeeding based on the theory of planned behavior in mothers referring to comprehensive health centers in Abadan and Khorramshahr in 2022-2023.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 162 nursing mothers in Khorramshahr and Abadan in 2022 using multi-stage sampling. In this study, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) questionnaire was used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to check the reliability of the tool. Data were analyzed in AMOS software (version 24).

This study was conducted on 162 lactating mothers living in Abadan and Khorramshahr. In the descriptive statistics analysis, the highest and lowest mean scores were related to attitude level (34.96) and behavioral intention (11.24). Moreover, the correlation between demographic factors and breastfeeding revealed that some variables, such as parents' education, exerted a marked effect on exclusive breastfeeding.

The results of the study pointed out that more than half of the children under six months were exclusively breastfed, and the initiation of breastfeeding in the first two hours of birth is one of the most important factors affecting breastfeeding. Health policymakers need to devote close attention to strengthening the child's breastfeeding attitude as soon as possible.

This study explored the association between breastfeeding vs. infant formula and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), considering parental education and employment as conferring variables.

This case-control study was performed on 35 ASD children aged 6-12 years and 70 healthy children matched in terms of age and gender. Age, gender, postnatal nutrition, parental employment, and parental education were recorded with parental cooperation.

There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.005) between the two groups regarding the type of postnatal milk type. Consumption of infant formula alone or combined with breast milk and maternal employment, especially in governmental occupation, were associated with the risk of ASD incidence.

This study provides further evidence of the possible protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against ASD. In addition, child-mother physical distance due to maternal employment seemed to play a considerable role in the risk of ASD incidence.

One of the factors affecting deciduous occlusion is infant feeding modes. The objective of this research was to identify and document the malocclusions that arise due to various approaches of infant feeding, and to assist in clarifying ambiguities surrounding skeletal growth complications that result from infant feeding practices.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021 on 284 children with an age range of 4-5 years who were selected from kindergartens and preschools in Sari by cluster sampling and then systematic sampling. After obtaining written consent from the parents and recording the child's personal information in the demographic checklist, the surface of the teeth was cleaned with a sterile gauze and then examined. The relationship of deciduous molars, overjet and overbite, open bite, posterior crossbite, and the relationship of deciduous canines were recorded. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square and one-way ANOVA using SPSS software (version 22). P-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. 

Infant feeding showed a significant relationship with the mother's education level, as well as the parents' occupational status. However, feeding type showed no significant relationship with the child's gender, number of children in the family, age of the child, age of the parents, and duration of milk feeding. Mesial step and distal step patterns were significantly more frequent in deciduous molars of breastfed children and those fed with formula milk, respectively (P<0.001). Furthermore, the type of feeding was not significantly associated with overjet, overbite, posterior crossbite, and deciduous canine relationship.

Breastfeeding is regarded as the most complete method of feeding infants, which is also a predisposing factor for developing a mesial step deciduous dentition.

The postpartum period is a critical and important stage for protecting, providing quality care, and developing the health of the mother and newborn. One of the postpartum cares that nurses play an important role, in helping the mother to start and continue breastfeeding. Providing comfort during this period facilitates the mother's adaptation. In this regard, Kolcaba comfort theory is very useful. The purpose of this case study is an application of Kolcaba comfort theory in the postpartum period to promote effective breastfeeding.

In this case study in 2022, The client is a 19-year-old, Caesarean section delivery, primi para, Baby boy with 3350 gr weight, who came to the health center to receive mother and child health services.  she complained about her inability to breastfeed her baby and her physical problems and with a state of anxiety and concern, she constantly asked about the inability to breastfeed  and her own diet during this period. This study was conducted based on the Kolcaba theory which the mother's comfort needs were identified and interventions were provided in the form of a nursing process .in order to evaluate the quality of breastfeeding, Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool was used before and after the interventions. .

The mother's needs were diagnosed according to the taxonomic structure in four fields: physical, psychological, cultural, social, and environmental needs and various interventions were implemented according to the nursing process. The results indicated the effectiveness of interventions based on comfort theory in order to meet needs finally, promoting breastfeeding was effective. The infant's breastfeed evaluation score was increased after the intervention.

The early years of life are the most critical stage in the growth and development of children. While the optimal development of children depends on a complex set of factors, the pattern of breastfeeding and complementary feeding of infants is of undeniable importance. Therefore, the present study conducted to investigate the factors related to the feeding patterns of one-year-old children referred to healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city. 

his descriptive study was performed on 600 mothers with one-year-old children under the auspices of healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city in 2017. Volunteered mothers with active health records were selected randomly. The required information was collected through a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and questions related to the feeding of children and was analyzed by SPSS software, version 18.

The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) approved the present study (Code: IR.RUMS.REC.1396.179).

About 95% of mothers participating in this study started breastfeeding their children up to one hour after delivery, but 56.7% of them completed breastfeeding by one year of age. The results show that most mothers had started supplemental feeding with two or three spoons in each meal, and about 90% of them followed the health worker's advice. Also, the most important reasons for feeding children with powdered milk are disorders in the child's development (34%), inadequate breast milk (17%), maternal disease (14%), do not take the mother's breast (11%) and children being twins (8%).

Despite face-to-face training for mothers in health care centers for feeding their children, still there are some difficulties in commencing complementary feeding and its continuation. Therefore, need for more health and nutrition education regarding the best ways for feeding children to mothers by personnel of Rafsanjan health care centers.

Considering the use of aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological method of pain control and a scarcity of studies in this area, the aim of the study was to compare the effect of breast milk odor and Rosa damascena aroma on pain and crying due to blood sampling in neonates.

Methods & Materials:

 In this cross over clinical trial study, 40 neonates hospitalized in the NICU of Ali Ibn Abitalib hospital in Rafsanjan were divided into two groups (breast milk odor and Rosa damascena aroma). In the first step, tree minutes before blood sampling until its completion, cotton soaked in 2 cc of breast milk was placed at a distance of three centimeters from the neonate’s nose. In the next step, cotton soaked with two drops of rose essential oil was used, similar to the method of breast milk. For the second sample, the order of interventions was changed. The pain was calculated with the NIPS instrument and crying with a stopwatch by a person who was blinded to the groups. The data were analyzed by STATA software version 14.

The mean score of pain for two periods in two groups were 3.75±2.33 and 4.30±1.70 respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.415). The mean score of crying for two periods in two groups were 16.98±16.21 and 15.03±9.99 respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.650).

The breast milk odor and rose damascena aroma have a similar effect in reducing the pain of neonates. Thus, according to the conditions, each of these methods can be used.

The early years of life are the most critical stage in the growth and development of children. While the optimal development of children depends on a complex set of factors, the pattern of breastfeeding and complementary feeding of infants is of undeniable importance. Therefore, the present study conducted to investigate the factors related to the feeding patterns of one-year-old children referred to healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city. 

his descriptive study was performed on 600 mothers with one-year-old children under the auspices of healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city in 2017. Volunteered mothers with active health records were selected randomly. The required information was collected through a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and questions related to the feeding of children and was analyzed by SPSS software, version 18.

The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) approved the present study (Code: IR.RUMS.REC.1396.179).

About 95% of mothers participating in this study started breastfeeding their children up to one hour after delivery, but 56.7% of them completed breastfeeding by one year of age. The results show that most mothers had started supplemental feeding with two or three spoons in each meal, and about 90% of them followed the health worker's advice. Also, the most important reasons for feeding children with powdered milk are disorders in the child's development (34%), inadequate breast milk (17%), maternal disease (14%), do not take the mother's breast (11%) and children being twins (8%).

Despite face-to-face training for mothers in health care centers for feeding their children, still there are some difficulties in commencing complementary feeding and its continuation. Therefore, need for more health and nutrition education regarding the best ways for feeding children to mothers by personnel of Rafsanjan health care centers.

Growth reduction usually occurs in the first 2 years of life, therefore, paying attention to feeding with breast milk and paying attention to complementary foods at these ages is especially important.The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the nutritional pattern and the growth pattern of their children.

The current study was a case-control study in which the information of 40 children aged 6 to 24 months with a deficiency or a drop in the growth chart as the case group and the information of 40 children with normal growth as the control group were taken over the phone. Became These two groups were matched in terms of age and sex.The data collection tool included a checklist that included children's demographic,anthropometric, and nutritional information.The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software and Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests.

There was a significant difference between the case and control groups in terms of the intervals between breastfeeding (P=0.016) and the number of breastfeeding times (P=0.041) at night.Also, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of children's preference for complementary foods (P=0.001) and the simultaneity of breast milk and complementary foods (P=0.007).The average weight of children in the control group was higher than the case group (P=0.001),which was significant, but no difference was seen between the average height of the children, the average weight at birth, and the average weight at the beginning of 6 months.

The intervals between breastfeeding, the number of times of breastfeeding at night, children's desire for complementary food and the simultaneity of breast milk and complementary food were related to children's developmental disorder. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to give educational programs for mothers in the field of breastfeeding and the use of complementary foods

Even though the development of the immune system begins from the fifth week of the embryonic period, the system is still under development at the birth time. For example, the phagocyte cells functionally develop during the first 6 months of neonatal life. Also, A few mature and effective T cells, as the commander of the immune system, circulate in the tissues, B cells have poor efficiency as antibody-producing cells, and some antibody subclasses are not synthesized up to two years of age. Furthermore, the development and formation of some B cells in marginal zone of the spleen last up to two years of age. These cells play a major role in antibody responses and primary defense against pathogens, particularly those agents entering the body via the blood. On the other hand, the neonate is exposed to many pathogens and infectious diseases until the final formation of the immune system. Breast milk, in addition to its nutritional value, plays an important role in the protection of neonate against microorganisms and contains innate immunity factors including probiotics and antimicrobial peptides, as well as acquired immunity factors including leucocytes and the IgA class antibody, thereby granting the neonate immunity against infectious factors. In the Holy Qur'ān, seven verses discuss about the breast milk. In the most well-known verse about breast milk (Verse 233 of Sura al-Baqarah), the phrase "Hawlaini Kāmilaini (in Arabic: حولین کاملین)" refers to the full breastfeeding period (maximum useful period) i.e., two whole years. Due to the underdeveloped immune system and the absence of efficient defensive cells during the first two years of neonates’ life, they seem to be susceptible to infectious diseases up to this period. Therefore, breastfeeding, by transferring the mother's immune factors to the neonate, supports the neonate's immune system against infectious agents and diseases. In conclusion, perhaps one of the reasons that the Holy Qur'ān recommends complete breastfeeding is due to the neonates’ underdeveloped immune system in this period.

One of the important and common problems of mothers after giving birth is insufficient milk production. To increase it, due to the side effects of chemical drugs that increase milk, medicinal plants have become more popular. In recent years, with the clarification of the need for evidence-based clinical practice, quality and appropriate information is needed. The present study aims to review the results of clinical trials on the effect of milk thistle in increasing breast milk volume.

In this systematic review study, the search for the effects of milk thistle in increasing breast milk volume was conducted in Magiran, MedLib, SID, and IranMedex using the keywords milk thistle, silymarin, milky plants. The search for clinical trials was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and ProQuest using the keywords Milk thistle, Silybum marianum, Silymarin Silybin, breast milk production, herbal galactagogues, increase breast milk, and Clinical trial. The publication year was 2005-2020. The criteria for excluding articles were: Unavailability of full texts, irrelevant results, pilot studies, case reports, review studies, and animal studies. Data analysis was done qualitatively.

Initial search yielded 624 records. Of these, 4 eligible articles with a sample size of 294 were selected and reviewed. All studies showed that milk thistle plant had a positive effect on increasing milk volume. In these studies, no serious side effects from the consumption of this plant were reported.

Milk thistle plant increases milk production in new mothers. The number of studies in this field is low, especially in Iran, which has a long history in traditional medicine and use of herbal medicine. More studies are needed in this field.

Breastfeeding during the early months of life has benefits for both mother and baby and it is recommended that children should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of their life. This study was conducted to determine the exclusive breastfeeding rate in the first 6 months of life and some associated factors in Fars Province.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1681 children aged 6 to 9 months. Data were collected through a questionnaire that included demographic questions and questions about breastfeeding and some predictive variables. The information was collected by interviewing the mothers in their homes. Data were analyzed via SPSS software version 16 and evaluated by descriptive and analytical tests (Chi-square test).

About 57% of infants were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months of life. The main reason for the non-breastfeeding was the lack of enough breast milk. The variables such as residence, mother's occupation, father's education, type of delivery and place of delivery had a significant effect on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding (P< 0.05).

The exclusive breastfeeding rate in Fars Province was better than some regions of Iran and even the world and the goal of the World Health Organization for 2025 has been achieved. The main reason for the non-breastfeeding was the lack of enough breast milk, which seems to be necessary to carry out inquiries and provide useful solutions to this problem.

Due to the lack of a systematic review on cadmium status in breast milk of Iranian mothers, this study was designed to evaluate the published articles on factors affecting the exposure and the levels of cadmium in breast milk.

In this study, English and Farsi electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Magiran, Iran Medex and SID were comprehensively searched for papers published from July 2009 until May 2021. The PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed for screening and reviewing the processes involved in this study.

From 102 articles found in the initial search, 9 studies were included in systematic review. The highest mean cadmium concentration was related to milk samples collected from Kerman City. Among study factors, the exposure to cigarette smoke, living near industrial centers and maternal nutrition had a significant effect on increasing the concentration of cadmium in breast milk.

Further studies are demanded to obtain more comprehensive and reliable results on the status of cadmium in breast milk of Iranian mothers.

Although breast milk is a complete food for the newborn development, it can also be an important route for the exposure to lead. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to explore the status of lead in Iranian mothers’ milk, and also to identify its affecting factors.

In the present systematic review, the databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), Iran Medex, and Magiran were searched to find the relevant articles upto 2020. After completing the search, the articles were evaluated according to a pre-prepared checklist.

A total of 10 studies were included in our study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The highest mean of lead concentration in milk was related to mothers living in Hamadan and Tehran provinces, while the lowest was related to Kordestan province. Among the factors studied, maternal age, parity, employment, and the use of lipstick were significantly related to concentration of lead in breast milk.

It seems that increasing health care to reduce the exposure of pregnant and lactating mothers to lead should be seriously pursued by health policy-makers. It is also necessary to conduct more extensive studies to clarify the situation of infants exposed to lead through breast milk in the other areas of the country.

Cow’s milk is one of the first foods added to infants’ diet and cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy in the first year of life. The aim of this study was to survey the frequency of infants with cow’s milk allergy using COMISS questionnaire.

In a cross-sectional, descriptive study, 100 infants were selected by a convenient method. Demographic information and clinical manifestations were completed based on COMISS Questionnaire for all infants. Data were analyzed using chi-square and independent t-test.

The finding of this study shows that from 100 infants (51 males, 49 females), with a mean age of 3.5 ± 1.4, 61% of them were breastfed, 30% were fed both cow’s milk and breast milk, and 9% were fed only cow’s milk. The probability of cow’s milk allergy using the COMISS Questionnaire was positive in 8% of infants. According to the criteria of this Questionnaire, 65% of infants acquired a score of 0-5, 27% scored 6-11, and 8% scored 12 and above A significant association was found between cow’s milk allergy and infant’s diet (p <0.001). A significant association was also found between growth index (weight p=0.05, height p=0.02, and head circumstance p=0.03) and CMA.

It seems that using non-invasive methods such as COMISS Questionnaire can be helpful for the diagnosis of CMA and also breastfeeding might be reducing the allergy to cow’s milk.

 This study was conducted to determine the factors related to infant formula milk consumption in Rafsanjan in 2016.

 This study was a descriptive study conducted on 372 mothers referred to Rafsanjan health centers with children under one-year-old consuming formula milk. Frequency and percentage were used to describe qualitative data, while mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables.

 The mean age of mothers was 23.61 ± 4.87 years. The mean age of the formula onset was 40.71 ± 39.46 days. 208 mothers (55.9%) had the highest frequency as the initiator of formula milk consumption. The most common causes related to this issue were maternal perceptions of insufficient milk with 206 individuals (55.4%) and poor infant weight gain with 107 individuals (28.8%), respectively.

 The results showed that mothers have a key role in formula milk consumption. Educational programs that strengthen mothers' beliefs may be needed to continue breastfeeding.

Breast milk contains organic nutrients necessary for the growth and development of infants and children. Since various factors are effective in the early discontinuation of breast milk, the accurate identification of these factors in various cultural contexts can play an important role in providing, maintaining, and promoting the health of children. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the causes of breast milk discontinuation and use of artificial milk in children aged 0-18 months in Isfahan, Iran.

This was a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study with the study population including 600 mothers with 18-month old children in 20 centers and health centers in Isfahan City. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview with mothers.

The most important reasons for discontinuation of breastfeeding were motherschr('39') lack of breast milk, infant’s unwillingness to breastfeed, mother’s disease or specific drug use, childhood diseases, maternal occupation, and early onset of supplementary foods. The most important reasons for using synthetic milk from the viewpoint of mothers were lack of breast milk, child crying and restlessness, and the recommendation by a pediatrician.

The main reason for early breastfeeding and the use of artificial milk is the inadequacy of breast milk. It seems that educational interventions are essential considering the importance, benefits, nutrition manner, the way to resolve breast-feeding problems, and the adequacy of milk in the child.

Obesity is increasing epidemically at the age of 3-6 years, and one of the most critical risk factors of childhood overweight is the reduction of breastfeeding. Childhood obesity is also a strong predictor of obesity in adulthood. This study aimed to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and body mass index in children 3-6 years old.

In this retrospective observational study, which was carried out on the population of children 3 to 6 years old in Bojnourd in 2019, 445 children were selected through multi-stage sampling from kindergartens and kindergartens in Bojnourd. The required information was then obtained through the demographic profile checklist and the baby mass index. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using statistical tests.

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups despite the prolonged duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the overweight group.

Among the variables studied, higher body mass index in the mother has a direct relationship with the weight gain of children. Weight loss in neonates with obesity shows the opposite. This means that the average birth weight in the low birth weight group was less than the average birth weight in desirable and overweight children.

Breastfeeding has the highest efficacy in promoting health and preventing disorders and diseases. Cessation of breastfeeding, especially in the first six months after delivery (the critical time), has a profound effect on the emotional and physical health of mothers and children. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the exclusive breastfeeding pattern and its related factors in children in Sanandaj 2018.

This descriptive-analytical study enrolled 400 children aged 7-24 months in Sanandaj, Iran. Data were collected with a three-part questionnaire including demographic information, factors affecting the exclusive breastfeeding and child-related factors through interviews. Data were analyzed by chi-square test in SPSS software (version 21). P value <5 was considered significant.

The results showed that the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 71.5%. Significant relationships were found between exclusive breast feeding and the following variables: unwanted pregnancy, mother's perception of the adequacy of milk, baby’s hospitalization after birth, and skin-to-skin contact in the hospital, and breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. (p≤0.05)

Since the main reason for the reduction in exclusive breastfeeding is the fact that mother’s perception of inadequate milk and fear of baby’s hunger, breastfeeding can be promoted by designing appropriate programs for training mothers in healthcare centers in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Maintaining and promoting childrenchr('39')s health in all physical, mental, social and spiritual dimensions requires proper nutrition. According to World Health Organization (WHO) reports, exclusive breastfeeding is the most effective way of feeding infants until 6 months of age. Breastfeeding is the ideal food for infants. It is safe, clean and contains antibodies which help protect against many common childhood illnesses. Breastfeeding provides all the energy and nutrients that the infant needs for the first months of life, and it continues to provide up to half or more of a child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first year, and up to one third during the second year of life. Moreovre, appropriate nutrition could prevent obesity in adulthood. Breastfed perform better on intelligence tests, are less likely to be overweight or obese and less prone to diabetes later in life. Women who breastfeed also have a reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Considering the protective effect of breastfeeding on children, which can prevent obesity in adulthood, and also considering the dangerous role of obesity in children, which is one of the most important causes of the spread of underlying diseases in adulthood, so the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between breastfeeding and body mass index (BMI) of 6-12 year old primary school children in Zahedan.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Zahedan in 2017. Zahedan is the capital of Sistan and Baluchestan province as a developing region in the souetheast of Iran. The study population were all students of zahedan those who were studying in schools in the same year among them, 443 children at primary school aged 6-12 years old that were chosen randomly using cluster sampling method. Data were collected by a standard questionnaire about the factors related to the exclusive breastfeeding nutrition. the standard questionnaire included two sections: Demographic questions (including gender, age, birth rate, age at birth, weight at birth), Factors affecting the exclusive nutrition related to the mother (start time) postpartum breastfeeding, the duration of the childchr('39')s exclusive feeding, the baby from birth to 6 months, the age of onset of complementary feeding, re-pregnancy during lactation, maternal education on the benefits of breastfeeding. In this study, in order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the tools made were presented to 8 related experts, after announcing the opinion and applying the validity changes of the questionnaire, it was approved. Also, to measure the reliability of the instrument, a questionnaire was distributed among 30 samples and after analysis, it was confirmed using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test and a reliability coefficient of 0.89. After approving study plan by Ethic commite of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS), the researches refer to Education Organization of Sistan and Baluchestan province and obtaining an agreement to conduct research, first among the schools of the two education districts of Zahedan (District 1 and 2) based on the sampling method and the entry criterion (children in primary school with an age range of 6 to 12 years, without underlying disease and the desire of their parents) and by inviting the parents of students, first to parents about the goals of the project, considerations Ethics, including confidentiality of information, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw from research at any time possible, were explained. Ethical consideration: this study was approved by the ethic commite of ZAUMS (code; IR. ZAUMS.REC1396, 198(. After completing the informed consent form, the questions were asked to the parents in the form of an individual interview that lasted an average of 15 to 20 minutes, and were entered into the questionnaires by the researchers. To measure height, the German SECA meter was used with non-elastic properties and an accuracy of 0/1 cm. selected students without shoes and hats or scarves on their heads and standing upright with a straight forward view so that the five parts of the body including the the head, the front part of the back (shoulder), the buttocks, the back of the back the heel are all tangible. It was checked for height. The German Nova digital scale weighing 0.05 kg was also used to measure weight.Studentschr('39') weights with the least amount of clothing (without coats, tents, coats, or jackets, and without shoes) were recorded as upright and stationary (without vibration) on the scales. In order to ensure the reliability of the scale, after placing the scale in a suitable place and before starting the weighing, the accuracy of its work with control weight of 2 kg control was repeated and this was repeated after every 5 measurements. For BMI collection use of the below for more formula (weight in kilograms) divided by (height to meter square) in SPSS software into four groups of thin (below 5 percent), normal (between 5 percent and 85 percent). Overweight (between 85% and 95%) and obese (above 95%) were calculated. After collecting the data, it was manually entered into the SPSS-v21 software and use of descriptive statistics and analytical test such as chi-square test.

In this study 324 girls (73.1%) and 119 boys (26.9%) with an average weight of 30.3±10.4 kg were considered. About 39% of children were the first child in the family. About 6.4% of infants have breastfed for less than 3 months. Most of the children were in 9-12 old age and 378 of child was born in 37 pregency week (275 child or 62%) also about 313 child has normality. 248 infants (56.0%) were breastfed during the first hour after birth. 327 children (73.8%) were exclusively breastfed from birth to 6 months of age. Fourteen children (3.2%) were also breastfed, and 267 mothers (60/3%) were trained on the benefits of breastfeeding.  BMI with birth weight, infant feeding from neonatal to 6 months of age, motherchr('39')s comorbidities in the first 6 months of life, showed a significant relationship (p<0.05). Birth rank, age at birth, mother’s healthcare during pregnancy and re-pregnancy during lactation did not show any significant relationship with BMI (p>0.05). The BMI with birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, how to feed the baby from birth to 6 months, mother-to-be with the underlying disease, showed a significant relationship (0.05<p). However, birth rate, age at birth, health care during pregnancy, age at the start of complementary feeding, re-pregnancy during lactation, and maternal education on the benefits of breastfeeding did not show a significant relationship with BMI (p>0.05).

Findings indicate that breastfeeding has a protective effect on the BMI in childhood. More precise education to parents specifically to mothers and also healthcare providers can help with optimization of exclusive breastfeeding nutrition leading to prevention of obese and overweighted children in the future. The results of this study indicate that breastfeeding has a significant relationship with BMI at school age. Also, exclusive breastfeeding from birth to twenty-four months (end of two years) is effective in childrenchr('39')s BMI. Based on this, it may be possible to help parents, especially mothers, and health care providers help prevent overweight and obesity in the future by providing more and more accurate exclusive breastfeeding. At the end of a study in several provinces with a larger sample size to more closely examine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and BMI, taking into account the role of genetic factors, cultural factors, ethnicity and even climatic conditions in growth and development. Children and adolescents, along with other factors, are recommended to study the whole country simultaneously for a more detailed examination and generalization. The study, like other studies, faced limitations, including the non-cooperation of some schools for questioning, which was replaced by other schools in the same area of the city with the cooperation of the Education Organization, and the failure of some parents to fill out questionnaires students and other parents were selected. Another limitation of this study was the information collected based on the reminders of parents of children who may have made a mistake in recalling.