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Blood pressure

در نشریات گروه پزشکی
  • Rezvan Gharibnezhad, Marina Shariati*
    Background

    Aging is a pervasive biological process that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in physical function across all organ systems. The prevalence and severity of hypertension in women increase significantly with age.

    Objectives

    This study investigated the effect of combined exercise (fitness and pilates) on metalloproteinase-1 levels and blood pressure indices in elderly women.

    Methods

    In this study, a purposive sample of 30 older women in Ahvaz was selected from the available community and randomly divided into an exercise group (pilates and fitness) and a control group (daily activity). The experimental group performed the exercise program for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of metalloproteinase-1 and hemodynamic parameters were measured 48 hours before and after the intervention by ELISA using a human kit. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance were used to examine changes within and between groups. The significance level was set at P ≥ 0.05.

    Results

    After eight weeks of exercise, hemodynamic values (including systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure, and heart rate) and serum metalloproteinase-1 levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05).

    Conclusions

    The selected exercise (pilates and fitness) changed hemodynamic indicators (blood pressure and heart rate) and decreased serum metalloproteinase-1 levels in elderly women. This exercise can return blood pressure to normal levels and help with complications.

    Keywords: Elderly, Pilates, Resistance Exercise, Metalloproteinase-1, Blood Pressure
  • Refli Hasan *, Raed Obaid Saleh, Rana H. Raheema, Hanen Mahmod Hulail, Irfan Ahmad, Deepak Nathiya, Parjinder Kaur

    The prevalence rate of hypertension is on the rise at an alarming rate. Studies conducted on the influence of flaxseed on blood pressure (BP) have come up with conflicting conclusions. The current investigation’s major purpose is to conduct a literature review and a meta-analysis focusing on the effect of flaxseed supplementation on BP in people with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Library databases were searched from the inception date to April 2024 to find the randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A random-effects model combined the weighted mean difference (WMD). Standard methodologies were applied to evaluate publication bias, heterogeneity, and sensitivity analysis. Eighteen RCTs were included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled analysis suggested that flaxseed supplementation can reduce systolic BP (SBP) (WMD: -4.75 mmHg, 95% CI: -7.05 to -2.44, P≤0.001; I2=93.6%) and diastolic BP (DBP) (WMD: -3.09 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.37 to -1.81, P≤0.001; I2=91.2%). In conclusion, the current meta-analysis has demonstrated that flaxseed supplementation can markedly lower BP in individuals exhibiting CVD risk factors. Given the significant heterogeneity, it is crucial to interpret the current results with careful consideration. In addition, further high-quality RCTs are required to better assess the causal relationships.

    Keywords: Flaxseed, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Disease, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis
  • Meenakshi Khapre, Dhanlika Dhanlika*, Sriloy Mohanty, Amrita Mehndiratta

    Essential hypertension, a common multifactorial condition, is a significant public health concern. In India, the prevalence of hypertension is high, with estimates indicating a rising trend. Shirodhara, an Ayurvedic therapy, has exhibited the potential for stress reduction and relaxation. Thus, the review investigates the effect of Shirodhara on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and its impact on clinical symptoms like palpitation, insomnia, giddiness, fatigue, and headache in essential hypertensive patients. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Shodhganga, Web of Science search for this systematic review and meta‑analysis from inception to June 2023. Evidence from RCTs was synthesized as a standardized mean difference (SMDs) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, comparing participants who received Shirodhara intervention along with Ayurveda medication and those who received only Ayurveda medication. The Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized control trials (RoB‑2) was used for the quality assessment of randomized control trials. Analysis was done using Medcalc software. The comparison table is provided for the percentage of relief in clinical symptoms in both groups. Out of four RCTs, only three were included for quantitative analysis, which mentioned the mean and standard deviation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Meta‑analyses revealed the effects of Shirodhara on systolic blood pressure (n = 100), the mean difference (MD) was − 1.257 mmHg, (2.660–0.145), I 2 = 89.3%, and diastolic blood pressure (n = 100) MD was − 0.40 mmHg, (−0.79–0.01) I 2 = 0. The percentage of relief in clinical symptoms was notably higher in the Shirodhara and Ayurveda groups than in the Ayurvedic drug group. Shirodhara lowered diastolic blood pressure significantly, but it has low clinical value. Shirodhara’s effect on systolic blood pressure remained unclear. Relief in clinical symptom score was notable. Larger, well‑designed research is needed to prove Shirodhara’s effectiveness in hypertension management and optimize therapy methods.  

    Keywords: Ayurveda, Blood Pressure, Essential Hypertension, Meta‑Analysis, Shirodhara
  • Amir Ahmad Nassiri, Antoine Schneider, Monir Sadat Hakemi, * Tahereh Sabaghian, Azadeh Ahmadi Koomleh, Mir Mohammad Miri, Kiana Entezarmahdi, Taymaz Yousefzad, Kianoush Kashani*
    Introduction

     Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is commonly used in patients with hemodynamic instability but is associated with potential complications. Understanding these complications can improve CRRT efficiency and patient outcomes. 

    Methods

    This cross-sectional study investigated CRRT complications in patients > 18 years old who underwent CRRT at a tertiary medical center from 2017 to 2022. Data were collected from patient records and the hospital’s laboratory system. 

    Results

    A total of 178 patients underwent CRRT for fluid overload (38%) and non-septic acute kidney injury (AKI) (35%). The most common CRRT modalities were hemofiltration (54%) and hemodiafiltration (31%). Among patients, 76% experienced a reduction in platelet count (mean decrease of 40% ± 24). Hemoglobin declined by ≥ 1 g/dL in 58% of patients. Phosphorus decreased in 64.6% of patients (mean reduction of 33%) and potassium decreased in 50% (mean reduction of 18%), but these reductions were not statistically significant (P-values: 0.73 and 0.88). Vasopressors were stopped in 27% of patients, and the dose was reduced in 50.4%. No significant hypothermia, allergic reactions, pneumothorax, hemothorax, or air embolism were reported. The survival rate at hospital discharge was 64% (123 out of 178). 

    Conclusion

    CRRT is a safe and efficient treatment for AKI, with notable reductions in platelet count and vasopressor dependency. However, reductions in phosphorus and potassium were not significant, indicating manageable complications.

    Keywords: CRRT, Acute Kidneyinjury, Anemia, Platelets, Meanarterial Pressure, Vasopressor, Electrolytes, Blood Pressure
  • Sevda Jalili, Atefeh Allahbakhshian *, Azizeh Farshbaf Khalili, Khorshid Mobasseri
    Introduction

    Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) can improve quality of life by undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), but they may face various complications. Early mobilization can help prevent these complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two early mobilization protocols on pain and hemodynamic outcomes in patients who had CABG surgery.

    Methods

    This was a randomized, blinded clinical trial with a three-arm parallel design, conducted on 105 patients who underwent CABG at Shahid Madani hospital in Tabriz. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups: control, first intervention, and second intervention. The control group received standard care, while two intervention groups received early mobilization based on passive and active range of motion (ROM) activities and early mobilization based on deep breathing exercises respectively. Data were collected using a questionnaire that measured pain intensity using a facial pain scale and hemodynamic indicators using a monitor device. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24 software and descriptive and inferential statistics methods.

    Results

    According to the study, the second intervention group is more effective than the first intervention group. The results indicated that in both morning and evening shifts, the mean of systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased significantly in three groups. Also, the mean of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly in both shifts in intervention group 1 and control. The mean of DBP decreased (MD=-26.0, 95% CI: -5.6 to -1.2; P=0.003) significantly among intervention group 2 compared to control group in the evening. The results also indicated that the mean of heart rate (HR) raised significantly in both shifts in all three groups. In the morning, there was a significant difference between intervention group 2 and 1 compared to control. The mean of arterial oxygen saturation was a significant difference between intervention group 2 and intervention group 1 and control group in the both shifts. The mean of pain decreased significantly in the morning in two intervention groups. Similarly, in the evening, the mean of pain decreased significantly in intervention group 1, and intervention group 2. Both in the morning and evening, there was a significant difference between intervention group 2 and intervention group 1 (P<0.001).

    Conclusion

    This study provides valuable insights into the effects of early mobilization interventions on patients after CABG, but more research is needed to determine the optimal timing and intensity of mobilization protocols for patients after CABG and to explore the long-term effects and cost-effectiveness of these interventions.

    Keywords: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft, Early Mobilization, Blood Pressure, Pain, Heart Rate, Arterial Oxygen Saturation
  • Alireza Ahmadi, Mohammadreza Sabri, Mehdi Ghaderian, Bahar Dehghan, Chehreh Mahdavi, Davood Ramezaninezhad, Zahra Pourmoghaddas, Mohammadreza Maracy, Pejman Nemat Gorgani, Behzad Ghazanfari *
    BACKGROUND

    Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a rare but severe condition that can develop in children who have had COVID-19. It can lead to cardiovascular complications, potentially caused by endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness.

    METHODS

    This study aimed to investigate the cardiovascular health of children with MIS-C compared to healthy controls. Fifty-nine children with MIS-C and fifty-nine healthy individuals were included in this cohort study. Non-invasive techniques were employed to measure the brachial artery’s flow-mediated dilation (FMD), aortic distensibility (AD), and aortic strain (AS).

    RESULTS

    The MIS-C group demonstrated significantly higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0.012), with a mean of 100.2 (10.1) mmHg compared to 95.3 (9.6) mmHg in the healthy group. The relative risk (RR) for elevated pulse pressure in the MIS-C group was borderline higher than in the healthy group (RR 95% CI: 1.06 [1.01–1.14]; P = 0.046). However, FMD, AS, and AD values were lower in the MIS-C group, with means of 13.6 (8.9), 10.4 (4.1), and 15.5 (2.7), respectively, although no significant differences were observed (P > 0.05).

    CONCLUSION

    Children with MIS-C exhibited higher pulse pressure, indicating potential arterial stiffness. They also showed lower FMD, suggesting endothelial dysfunction. FMD appears to be a more reliable indicator of endothelial dysfunction in MIS-C patients compared to aortic strain. These findings underscore the importance of early assessment and monitoring of cardiovascular complications in MIS-C patients. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness are well-established risk factors for future cardiovascular events.

    Keywords: MISC Associated With COVID-19, Arterial Stiffness, Cardiovascular System, Blood Pressure, Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
  • Tantut Susanto*, H Hairrudin, Tecky Indriana, Rismawan Adi Yunanto, Ira Rahmawati, Ana Nistiandani, Wahyuni Fauziah
    Background

    Farmers need the right strategy to control blood pressure through Community-Based Occupational Health Promotion (COHP) Program interventions for reducing blood pressure. This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of COHP interventions to maintain blood pressure of farmers.

    Materials and Methods

    This study used a randomized control trial design. COHP interventions were performed in intervention (68 participants) and control (67 participants). The study was conducted for 24 weeks with intervention at 0-4 weeks and continued with follow-up at 5-24 weeks for participants in four Public Health Centres (PHC) areas in Indonesia. Data were collected using a stethoscope and aneroid sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure. Data were analysed using Fisher's exact test, to analyse the differences in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in both groups.

    Results

    In after 24 weeks of CHOP, there were significant differences SBP between intervention and control groups (126.81 ± 14.52 Vs. 146.65 ± 16.38; p< 0.001). Meanwhile, there were significant differences DBP between intervention and control groups (83.03 ± 8.31 Vs. 86.91 ± 7.73; p= 0.003). Furthermore, the COHP was effective for reducing SBP and DBP (p< 0.001) among farmers.

    Conclusions

    This study indicates that COHP can be effective for reducing SBP and DBP among farmers in agricultural areas.

    Keywords: Health Promotion, Blood Pressure, Hypertension
  • بیژن هوشمند مقدم، شادی معظمی گودرزی، امیر رشیدلمیر، بابک هوشمند مقدم*
    زمینه و هدف

    مولکول های چسبان سلولی (ICAM-1) و چسبان عروقی (VCAM-1) نقش مهمی در عملکرد اندوتلیال و بیماری های قلبی-عروقی ایفا می کنند. از سوی دیگر، با توجه به گسترش تجویز تمرینات مقاومتی در افراد میان سال و سالمند، بررسی تاثیر این نوع تمرین بر سطوح سرمی ICAM-1 و VCAM-1 ضروری است. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی تاثیر 12 هفته تمرین مقاومتی بر مقادیر سرمی این مولکول ها در مردان میان سال و سالمند مبتلا به پرفشاری خون بود.

    روش ها

    این مطالعه نیمه تجربی روی 24 مرد مسن مبتلا به پرفشاری خون که واجد معیارهای ورود به مطالعه بودند، انجام شد. شرکت کنندگان به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه تمرین مقاومتی (12 نفر) و کنترل (12 نفر) قرار گرفتند. گروه تمرین مقاومتی به مدت 12 هفته، سه جلسه در هفته تمرینات مقاومتی انجام دادند. نمونه های خون وریدی در ابتدا و انتهای پژوهش برای اندازه گیری سطوح ICAM-1  و VCAM-1 جمع آوری شد.

    یافته ها

    پس از 12 هفته تمرین مقاومتی، مقادیر سرمی  ICAM-1 (P=0/003) و VCAM-1 (P=0/005) به طور معناداری کاهش یافت. همچنین، تغییرات میانگین بین گروهی در ICAM-1 (P=0/001) و  VCAM-1 (P=0/001) اختلاف معناداری را نشان داد.

    نتیجه گیری

    به نظر می رسد که تمرین مقاومتی درازمدت علاوه بر بهبود فشارخون سیستولیک و دیاستولیک، در کاهش مقادیر سرمی ICAM-1  و VCAM-1 در مردان میان سال و سالمند مبتلا به پرفشاری خون نیز موثر است. بنابراین، تمرینات مقاومتی منظم می توانند به عنوان یک راه کار غیردارویی احتمالی برای کاهش فشارخون و بهبود عملکرد اندوتلیال در این افراد توصیه شوند.

    کلید واژگان: فشارخون، تمرین مقاومتی، مولکول های چسبان سلولی، مولکول های چسبان عروقی
    Bizhan Hooshmand Moghadam, Shadi Moazamigoudarzi, Amir Rashidlamir, Babak Hooshmand-Moghadam*
    Background and Aim

    Cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecules (VCAM-1) play critical roles in endothelial function and cardiovascular diseases. Given the increasing use of resistance training among middle-aged and elderly individuals, it is essential to examine the effects of this type of exercise on the serum levels of these molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in middle-aged and elderly men with hypertension.

    Methods

    This quasi-experimental study involved 24 elderly men with hypertension who met the inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to either the resistance training group (12 participants) or the control group (12 participants). The resistance training group performed resistance exercises three times a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the study to measure serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.

    Results

    After 12 weeks of resistance training, serum levels of ICAM-1 (P=0.003) and VCAM-1 (P=0.005) significantly decreased. Additionally, inter-group comparisons showed significant differences in mean changes for both ICAM-1 (P=0.001) and VCAM-1 (P=0.001).

    Conclusion

    Long-term resistance training appears to be effective not only in improving systolic and diastolic blood pressure but also in reducing serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in middle-aged and elderly men with hypertension. Therefore, regular resistance training may serve as a potential non-pharmacological approach for reducing blood pressure and improving endothelial function in this population.

    Keywords: Blood Pressure, Resistance Training, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Vascular Adhesion Molecules
  • شهرام وثوقی، انسیه السادات عالمشاه*، ایرج علی محمدی، جمیله ابوالقاسمی طالخونچه، سمیه تقی زاده
    مقدمه

    استرس گرمایی با افزایش موج گرمای جهانی یک عامل خطرناک محیطی رایج برای انسان در بسیاری از موقعیت های شغلی است که  در هنگام انجام وظایف شناختی می تواند منجر به افزایش خستگی گردد. خستگی یک پدیده چند عاملی است که می تواند تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلفی از جمله متغیرهای محیطی، فیزیولوژیکی و روانی قرارگرفته و برمولفه های بیومکانیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و روانی تاثیر گذارد. مطالعه حاضر بر تاثیر مولفه های استرس حرارتی، فاکتورهای شغلی، فیزیولوژیکی و فرسودگی شغلی بر خستگی متمرکز است.

    روش کار

    این مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی  بصورت مقطعی برروی 189 نفر ازکارکنان عملیات شرکت مناطق نفت خیز جنوب واقع در استان خوزستان در ایستگاه های کاری سرپوشیده و روباز در تابستان سال 1403 انجام شد. استرس حرارتی محیط کار توسط شاخص WBGT  و ارزیابی ریسک تنش حرارتی مورد بررسی قرارگرفت. اطلاعات دموگرافیک و شغلی افراد شامل سوالات مربوط به سن، قد، وزن، مصرف سیگار، وضعیت تاهل، تعداد ساعت خواب در شبانه روز، تعداد ساعت ورزش در طول هفته، سطح تحصیلات، سابقه کار،  نوع و محل شغل و نوع شیفت کار(ثابت صبح کار یا نوبت کار) به وسیله پرسش نامه جمع آوری شد. متغیرهای فیزیولوژیک دمای پوست، دمای گوش، فشار خون وتعداد ضربان قلب نیز اندازه گیری شدند. به منظور بررسی خستگی کلی و فرسودگی شغلی، پرسش نامه خستگی چند بعدی (MFI) و فرسودگی شغلی مسلش توسط کارکنان تکمیل گردید. آنالیز داده ها با آزمون ANOVA ، تی مستقل، تی زوجی و  ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن  در نرم افزار spss نسخه 24 انجام شد.  

    یافته ها

    نتایج نشان داد وضعیت مواجهه با استرس حرارتی 9/79 درصد شاغلین  غیرمجاز می باشد. در میان مشاغل مختلف نیروهای تعمیرات بیشترین میانگین خستگی عاطفی(38/23)، مسخ شخصیت(34/15)، خستگی عمومی(00/10) و خستگی جسمی(05/9) را داشتند. میان استرس حرارتی و خستگی و کاهش انگیزه، میان تمامی مولفه های فرسودگی شغلی و خستگی عمومی و میان دمای عمقی، فشارخون و خستگی عمومی ارتباط آماری معنادار مشاهده شد(p<0/05). همچنین اختلاف میانگین خرده مقیاس های خستگی در افراد متاهل و غیر متاهل، سیگاری و غیر سیگاری و افراد با سطح تحصیلات متفاوت معنادار نبود.

    نتیجه گیری

    خستگی با استرس حرارتی، متغیرهای فیزیولوژیک، فرسودگی شغلی، برخی عادت های فردی مانند مقدار خواب و ورزش و نوع شغل افراد بصورت معنی دار ارتباط دارد. در شرایط کاری گرم، توجه به متغیرهای فیزیولوژیکی و عوامل محیطی می تواند به پیش بینی و مدیریت خستگی کمک کند.

    کلید واژگان: استرس حرارتی، WBGT، خستگی عمومی، فرسودگی شغلی، دمای بدن، فشار خون
    Shahram Vosoughi, Ensieh Sadat Alamshah*, Jamileh Abolghasemi Talkhooncheh, Somaye Taqizade
    Introduction

    Heat stress is a common environmental risk factor for many occupations, which can lead to increased fatigue during cognitive tasks. Fatigue is a multifactorial phenomenon that is affected by various environmental, physiological, and psychological factors, and can affect biomechanical, physiological, and psychological components. This study focuses on the impact of environmental, individual, and physiological factors, and burnout on general fatigue.

    Material and Methods

    This descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 189 employees of the Iran Oil Company at both indoor and outdoor workstations. Heat stress was measured using the (WBGT) index, and thermal strain risk was evaluated. Variables such as skin temperature, ear temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate were also monitored. To assess general fatigue and occupational burnout, (MFI) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were completed by the employees.

    Results

    The results revealed that 79.9% of the employees were exposed to heat stress, with repair workers experiencing the highest levels of emotional exhaustion (23/38), depersonalization (15/34), general fatigue (10/00), and physical fatigue (9/05).  Statistically significant relationships were found between heat stress and fatigue and decreased motivation, between all components of burnout and general fatigue, and between core temperature, blood pressure, and general fatigue (p<0.05). Notably, demographic factors such as marital status, smoking status, and education level did not significantly influence fatigue scores.

    Conclusion

    Fatigue is strongly associated with heat stress, physiological variables such as body temperature and blood pressure, burnout, personal habits such as sleep duration and exercise, and the type of job. These findings suggest that in hot work environments, monitoring physiological variables and environmental factors can help identify and address fatigue issues.

    Keywords: Heat Stress, WBGT, General Fatigue, Burnout, Body Temperature, Blood Pressure
  • Kimia Deris, Mojtaba Farjam, Saeideh Zareei, Maryam Kazemi
    Background

    There is a belief that opium consumption has a protective effect on hypertension and diabetes, which are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

    Objectives

    This study aimed to compare blood pressure and blood sugar measurements between opium users and non-users.

    Methods

    This cross-sectional study is based on the Fasa Adults Cohort Study (FACS). Participants from FACS who had no history of diabetes or hypertension with medication were included in this study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as fasting blood sugar (FBS) were compared between participants who use opium (regularly or ever) and those who do not, across different sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, marital status, employment, smoking, and other variables such as age, BMI, and physical activity. To control for the effect of confounders, a linear regression model was used in SPSS version 22.

    Results

    A total of 7,428 adults participated in this study. The mean age of participants was 46.5 years. Of the participants, 27.05% were opium users. The mean diastolic blood pressure was 73.18 mmHg in non-opium users, while it was 70.95 mmHg in opium users (P = 0.000). The mean systolic blood pressure was 105.20 mmHg in opium users, compared to 107.78 mmHg in non-users (P = 0.000). The mean fasting blood sugar was 86.75 mg/dL in non-opium users and 85.88 mg/dL in opium users (P = 0.019). Lower blood pressure was observed in opium users despite higher fasting blood sugar levels.

    Conclusions

    After controlling for confounders such as age, sex, smoking, BMI, physical activity, and calorie intake, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were lower in opium users, while fasting blood sugar was higher. Given the numerous side effects of opium, it should not be used arbitrarily. However, these findings could be useful when making clinical decisions for diabetic or hypertensive individuals who are opium users.

    Keywords: Fasting Blood Sugar, Opium User, Blood Pressure, Hypotension, Hypertension
  • Hadi Monji, Leila Kargar, Zohre Badamchizadeh, Farshad Sharifi, Mohammadjafar Mahmoudi, Elhameh Mahmoudi, Hossein Fakhrzadeh*
    Background

    To examine the association between metabolic syndrome, and rotating shift work, this study examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and its components among rotating shift workers and day workers in Pars Special Economic Energy (Bandar-e-Asalouyeh), southwest Iran.

    Material and Methods

    We conducted a cross-sectional study using the data of 1249 workers in the petrochemical industry. Statistical significance was assessed using Chi-square and independent t-tests. A multivariate and univariate analysis was used to assess the metabolic syndrome impact factors.

    Results

    Shift workers were younger and had less education than day workers. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 11.6% among study participants, 13.4% among day workers, and 8.9% among shift workers. In the multivariate analysis, shift workers had an odds ratio of 0.9 for developing metabolic syndrome (95% CI= 0.58–1.37, p=0.619). Day workers were likelier to have low high density lipoprotein than shift workers (OR: 0.57, CI: 0.44-0.74, p=0.000). Physical activity at shift time (OR =0.84, CI =0.72-0.98, p=0.031), and increasing age (OR 1.05; 95% CI; 1.03-1.07; p<0.000) show an association with metabolic syndrome.

    Conclusion

    In the Iranian workers, metabolic syndrome was less prevalent than general population. A statistical difference in the metabolic syndrome prevalence was not found between shift workers and daytime workers. A rotating shift with night and day work schedules is probably not associated with metabolic syndrome. The adverse effects of working night shifts can be alleviated by physical activity.

    Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome, Shift Work, Hypertriglyceridemia, Blood Pressure, Obesity
  • سعید پیرمرادی*
    زمینه و هدف

    یکی از راه های کنترل فشارخون بالا، غیرفعال کردن سیستم رنین-آنژیوتنسینوژن -آلدسترون (RAAS) است. رنین که با نام آنژیوتانسینوژنازا نیز شناخته می شود، نوعی آنزیم است که در شریانچه های آوران کلیه توسط سلول های خاصی به نام سلول های نزدیک گلومرول یا (juxtaglomerular) تولید و به جریان خون ترشح می شود و پروتئین آنژیوتانسینوژن را به آنژیوتانسین نوع یک تبدیل می کند که در ایجاد فشارخون بسیار موثر است. مهار رنین به عنوان مرحله ی محدود کننده ی سرعت این چرخه، یک روش موثر برای متوقف کردن آن است که در درمان برخی بیماری های مرتبط با قلب و عروق و فشارخون نقش دارند. هدف از این مطالعه استفاده از روش های نوین و مختلف بر مبنای نرم افزار در جهت کشف ترکیبات دارویی جدیدتر با عوارض و هزینه ی کمتر و طی زمان کوتاه تر جهت کشف بر مبنای یک داروی مرجع جهت درمان و کنترل بیماری فشارخون می باشد.

    روش بررسی

    پس از انتخاب ترکیب مرجع مهاری آنزیم رنین با کمک ابزارهای بیوانفورماتیکی نظیر PHARMIT ,ZINCPHARMER جهت جستجوی مجازی از طریق ویژگی های ساختاری و فارماکوفوری ترکیب مهاری مرجع، تعدادی لیگاند جدید به دست آمد. سپس بین لیگاندها با آنزیم رنین فرایند داکینگ صورت گرفت و لیگاندهای برتر انتخابی از نظر آلرژیسیته و توکسیسیته و پیش بینی ADME با کمک ابزارهایی نظیر molsoft، PKCSM، way2drug و swiss ADME بررسی گردیدند.

    یافته ها

    از بین چهار لیگاند برتر نهایی به دست آمده، یکی از لیگاندها بیشترین برهمکنش را با باقی مانده ی مختلف و با انرژی اتصالی داکینگ (9/7-=vina score) بالاتر نسبت به بقیه داشت و پس از آن دو لیگاند دیگر انرژی اتصالی مطلوبی داشتند. در بین باقی مانده های موثر برهمکنش کننده، Asp215، Asp32 و Leu114 در لیگاندهای برتر، مانند ترکیب مرجع، به آنزیم رنین متصل می شدند.

    نتیجه گیری

    به طورکلی لیگاندهای مهاری انتخاب شده توان مطلوبی جهت برهمکنش با بقایای دخیل در گزینش پذیری سوبسترا و فعالیت کاتالیزوری و مهار فعالیت آنزیم رنین را طبق آنالیزهای حاصل از ابزارهای بیوانفورماتیک از خود نشان دادند و تایید آن ها نیازمند مطالعات بالینی است.

    کلید واژگان: فشارخون، رنین، مهارکننده، داکینگ
    Saeed Pirmoradi*
    Background and Aim

    One of the ways to control high blood pressure is to deactivate the renin-angiotensinogen-aldosterone RAAS system. Renin, also known as angiotensinogenase,It is a type of enzyme that is produced in the afferent arterioles of the kidney by special cells called juxtaglomerular cells and secreted into the bloodstream and converts angiotensinogen protein into angiotensin type 1, which is very effective in causing high blood pressure. Inhibition of renin as the rate-limiting step of this cycle is an effective way to stop it, which plays a role in the treatment of some diseases related to the heart and blood vessels and blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to use new and different methods based on software to discover newer medicinal compounds with less side effects and cost and in a shorter time to discover based on a reference drug for the treatment and control of blood pressure disease.

    Materials and Methods

    By selecting the inhibitory reference compound of renin enzyme by bioinformatics tools such as PHARMIT, ZINCPHARMER during virtual search through the structural and pharmacophoretic properties of the reference inhibitory compound, a number of new ligands were obtained. Then the docking process was performed and the selected top ligands in terms of toxicity, allergy, toxicity and ADME prediction were examined with the help of tools such as molsoft, PKCSM, way2drug and swiss ADME.

    Results

    Among the four final top ligands obtained, one of the ligands had the most interaction with different residues and with a higher docking binding energy (vina score=-9.7) than the others, and then the other two ligands had a favorable binding energy.Among the effective interacting residues, Asp215, Asp32 and Leu114 were bound to renin enzyme in superior ligands, such as the reference compound.

    Conclusion

    In general, the selected inhibitory ligands showed a good ability to interact with residues involved in substrate selectivity and catalytic activity and inhibition of renin enzyme activity according to the analysis of bioinformatics tools and their confirmation requires clinical studies.

    Keywords: Blood Pressure, Renin, Inhibitor, Docking
  • مهدی رحمتی یامی، رویا روانبد*، فروه وکیلیان، محمد راوری
    اهداف 

    یکی از سیستم هایی که تحت تاثیر سالمندی قرار می گیرد، سیستم قلبی تنفسی است. تمرینات تنفسی ازجمله تمرینات تکمیل کننده درمان در افراد مبتلا به نارسایی مزمن قلبی است که کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. امروزه یکی از جدیدترین مدل های تمرین تنفسی برای این بیماران، تمرین تنفسی آهسته هدایت شده توسط دستگاه است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر تمرینات روتین تنفسی و تمرین تنفسی آهسته تدریجی هدایت شده توسط دستگاه بر کیفیت زندگی، عملکرد فیزیکی و فشار خون بیماران سالمند مبتلا به نارسایی مزمن قلبی است.

    مواد و روش ها

    این مطالعه به صورت کار آزمایی بالینی تصادفی شده یکسویه کور بود و در سال1400-1401 در شهر مشهد انجام شد. در این پژوهش 36 بیمار مبتلا به نارسایی مزمن قلبی به طور تصادفی و به روش پاکت سربسته در 3 گروه 12 نفری، شامل گروه کنترل با میانگین سنی 3/46±64/58، گروه تمرین روتین تنفسی با میانگین سنی 3/91±63/67 و گروه تمرین تنفسی آهسته تدریجی هدایت شده توسط دستگاه با میانگین سنی 2/57±62/58 بر اساس معیارهای ورود و خروج مطالعه، انتخاب شدند. مداخله به مدت 4 هفته انجام و ارزیابی ها قبل و بعد از مداخله تکمیل شد. کیفیت زندگی با پرسش نامه مینه سوتا، عملکرد فیزیکی با آزمون 6 دقیقه راه رفتن و فشار خون با دستگاه هولتر فشار خون اندازه گیری شد. تحلیل داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 23 انجام و از آزمون های تی زوجی و تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه استفاده شد.

    یافته ها

    3 گروه ازلحاظ جمعیت شناختی قبل از انجام مداخله با یکدیگر تفاوت معنادار آماری نداشتند (P>0/05). همچنین تفاوت معناداری در متغیرهای هموداینامیک خون بعد از انجام مداخله به دست نیامد (P>0/05). میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی، پس از انجام مداخله، در گروه تمرین روتین تنفسی (0/02=p) و گروه تمرین تنفسی آهسته تدریجی (0/007=p) ازلحاظ آماری کاهش معنادار داشت. همچنین میانگین نمره عملکرد فیزیکی، پس از انجام مداخله، در گروه تمرین روتین تنفسی (0/028=p) و گروه تمرین تنفسی آهسته تدریجی (0/033=p) ازلحاظ آماری افزایش معنادار داشت. تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه بین 3 گروه نشان داد کاهش میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی در گروه تمرین روتین تنفسی (0/026=p) و افزایش میانگین نمره عملکرد فیزیکی در گروه تمرین تنفسی آهسته تدریجی (0/042=p) نسبت به گروه کنترل، دارای تفاوت معنادار آماری است.

    نتیجه گیری

    انجام تمرینات تنفسی، تحمل فعالیت های فیزیکی برای سالمندان مبتلا به نارسایی قلبی را که اکثرا در زندگی روزمره با چالش روبه رو هستند را آسان ترکرده و باعث بهبود در کیفیت زندگی و عملکرد فیزیکی این افراد می شود. باتوجه به کم هزینه بودن، سادگی و در دسترس بودن این تمرینات، پیشنهاد می شود این تمرینات محدود به فاز بستری در بیمارستان نشده و در فاز پس از ترخیص از بیمارستان نیز در برنامه های توانبخشی بیماران گنجانده شود.

    کلید واژگان: نارسایی قلب، تمرینات تنفسی، فشار خون، عملکرد فیزیکی، کیفیت زندگی
    Mahdi Rahmati-Yami, Roya Ravanbod*, Farveh Vakilian, Mohammad Ravari
    Objectives 

    The cardiorespiratory system is one of the systems affected by age. Breathing exercises complement the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). This study determined the effects of routine respiratory and gradual device-guided slow breathing exercises on the quality of life, physical functional performance, and blood pressure of older patients with CHF.

    Methods & Materials 

    This study was a single-blind randomized clinical trial conducted in Mashhad City, Iran, in 2022–2023. Thirty-six patients with CHF were randomized into three groups: A control group, a routine breathing exercise group, and a gradual device-guided slow breathing exercise group. The intervention took 4 weeks, and evaluations were completed before and after the intervention using the Minnesota questionnaire (MLWHF), the 6-minute walking test (6MWT), and the blood pressure Holter. Data analysis was done by paired t-test and one-way ANOVA in SPSS software, version 23.

    Results

    The three groups were matched regarding demographic variables. There were no differences in blood hemodynamic parameters after the intervention. However, after the intervention, the average quality of life and physical functional performance scores were statistically significant in the routine breathing exercise and the gradual slow breathing exercise groups. One-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in the routine breathing exercise group's average quality of life and physical functional performance scores in the gradual slow breathing exercise group compared to the control group.

    Conclusion

    Older people with heart failure can improve their quality of life and physical performance with breathing exercises. These exercises can be used in the outpatient phase of cardiac rehabilitation besides the inpatient phase.

    Keywords: Heart Failure, Breathing Exercises, Blood Pressure, Physical Functional Performance, Quality Of Life
  • Tanqi Chen, Shengsheng Cao, Lingzhi Shen, Zhong Liu

    Introduction. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between blood pressure variability (BPV), crystalloid osmotic pressure, and cardiovascular events (CEs) in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Methods. This retrospective analysis was conducted on 71 patients with end-stage kidney disease who underwent hemodialysis at Beilun District People’s Hospital from September 2021 to September 2022. The patients were divided into two groups based on the occurrence of CEs: a cardiovascular event group and a non-cardiovascular event group. Results. The 71 patients were divided into two groups based on the occurrence of CEs: the CEs group (25 patients who experienced CEs) and the non-CEs group (46 patients who did not experience CEs). The CEs group had significantly higher levels of crystalloid osmotic pressure, standard deviation of systolic BP (SBP-SD), coefficient of variation of SBP (SBP-CV), SD of diastolic BP (DBP-SD), and DBP-CV (P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified crystalloid osmotic pressure, SBP-CV, and DBP-CV as independent risk factors for CEs. The ROC curve analysis indicated that the combined predictive value of crystalloid osmotic pressure, SBP-CV, and DBP-CV was significant, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.963. Conclusion. Elevated crystalloid osmotic pressure, SBP-CV, and DBP-CV are critical risk factors with strong predictive value for predicting CEs in MHD patients

    Keywords: Hemodialysis, Blood Pressure, Osmotic Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Pedram Ramezani, Majid Amiri, Amin Bagheri, Fatemeh Naderi

    Hypertension is the most significant modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with substantial negative effects on both individual and societal levels. Renal denervation (RDN) has been established as a safe and effective medical intervention for treating resistant hypertension, with approval from the Food and Drug Administration and endorsement by guidelines such as those of the European Society of Cardiology (2023) and the American Heart Association. However, with the advent of various types of RDN methods, including radiofrequency-, ultrasound-, and alcohol-based techniques, debates have intensified regarding their comparative efficacy and safety. Additionally, researchers have expanded their focus to consider outcomes beyond hypertension management. Most studies have demonstrated that this non-pharmacologic treatment significantly improves systolic and diastolic 24-hour ambulatory and office blood pressure in both the short- and long-term. Despite these findings, the social and psychological impacts of RDN on a broader scale have been less frequently discussed. Given the high burden of hypertension and its complications, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, this intervention could substantially enhance the quality of life and mental health of affected populations. Non-adherence to antihypertensive medications remains a critical challenge, driven by factors such as side effects, pregnancy, financial constraints, psychiatric disorders, and polypharmacy with its associated consequences. Renal denervation, by improving blood pressure control, offers the potential to enhance quality of life and reduce the incidence of severe physical and mental health conditions. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on this advanced treatment, emphasizing its impact on individual and societal well-being, physical health, and mental health.

    Keywords: Hypertension, Blood Pressure, Renal Denervation, Psychology, Quality Of Life, Depression
  • Meiwen Zhang, Bo Lou, Weiyuan Huang
    Background

    This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical implications of metabolic syndrome in individuals with diabetes mellitus. 

    Methods

    A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases using key terms related to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Access to subscription-based journals was facilitated through the HINARI program. Study quality was assessed using the adapted Newcastle–Ottawa scale, with a minimum inclusion score of ≥5/10. Statistical analysis included a meta-analysis using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model to determine the pooled prevalence, with heterogeneity assessed using Cochran’s Q and I² statistics. Publication bias was evaluated via funnel plot symmetry. Analyses were conducted using Stata/MP 17.0.

    Results

    The meta-analysis revealed a pooled effect size of 1.98 (95% CI: 1.85, 2.10), with significant heterogeneity (I² = 92.35%). Prevalence ranged from 19.88% to 88.13%, underscoring a substantial burden. Variations in HbA1c, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and BMI highlighted the heterogeneity in metabolic syndrome characteristics. Advanced statistical approaches enriched the understanding of metabolic profiles and their interplay with glycemic control and lipid metabolism.

    Conclusion

    This study underscores the critical interplay between glycemic control and lipid profiles in metabolic syndrome. The findings emphasize the need for tailored, region-specific interventions to address its substantial burden and implications for clinical practice and policy.

    Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus, Meta-Analysis, Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure
  • Seyed.Mehran Hosseini, Shahab Zanganeh, Marzieh Qaraaty *
    Objective

    The use of herbal teas can affect some physiological parameters of the body. Valerian has been used as a valuable medicinal plant. There are reports about sedative and sleep-inducing effects of Valeriana officinalis L. (VOT) on the nervous system. But in relation to its possible effect on the autonomic nervous system, the available information is limited. This study aimed to determine the effect of VOT on sympathovagal tone based on heart rate variability indices.

    Materials and Methods

    In this semi-experimental study, 12 healthy volunteers were enrolled. At first, the participants received 50 ml of water as the control group, and then after the clearance time, they received VOT with a dilution of 50% with the same temperature and volume and were considered the intervention group. Assessment of sympathovagal tone was performed in terms of heart rate variability indices. There were 5 recording steps: baseline, after drinking water, and 5, 20, and 30 minutes after drinking VOT.

    Results

    The mean±SD of the average heart rate per minute at the five recording steps after VOT was 65.4±15.5, 63.5 ±14.6, 62.7±15.6, 61.8±16.09, and 60.9 15.2, respectively (p <0.05). The average arterial systolic pressure at the five recording steps after VOT was 119.4±7.4, 117.9± 9, 114.3±7.9, 113.8±8.6, and 114±6.5 mmHg, respectively.

    Conclusion

    A single cup of VOT significantly decreased the heart rate. This effect may be associated with a decrease in sympathetic activity and an increase in parasympathetic activity.

    Keywords: Valeriana Officinalis, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Sympathovagal, Electrocardiogram
  • Minh Huynh, Huong Le Thi, Nguyen Tran, Yen Hoang Thi, Tien Hoang Anh *
    Background

    The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in the Vietnamese population has not been clearly defined. This study aims to examine the clinical characteristics and BMI of hypertensive patients and investigate the relationship between BMI and blood pressure.

    Methods

    This study employs a cross-sectional descriptive design and random sampling. Participants’ blood pressure was measured 3 times using an automatic sphygmomanometer.

    Results

    A total of 5910 individuals participated in the study, with 2138 being diagnosed with hypertension. Among the participants, 20.8% were overweight, 20.8% were obese, and 9.9% were underweight. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between BMI and systolic blood pressure in both sexes (men: r = 0.339, P < 0.05; women: r = 0.324, P < 0.05; overall: r = 0.345, P < 0.05). After adjustments for age and gender, a 1-unit increase in BMI corresponded to a 1.414 mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure. Obesity and overweight were associated with an increased risk of hypertension compared with normal weight (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.18; P < 0.05 and OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.58 to 2.07; P < 0.05, respectively). Conversely, being underweight was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.43; P < 0.05).

    Conclusions

    The study found a positive correlation between BMI and blood pressure. It is advisable to manage weight even in individuals without hypertension and utilize BMI as a tool for detecting hypertension within the community. 

    Keywords: Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, Hypertension, Vietnam
  • زهرا عطائی کمال، یونس محمدی، معصومه صیدی، سید کیانوش حسینی*
    مقدمه

    یکی از اولین مهارت هایی که دانشجویان پزشکی می آموزند، اندازه گیری و ثبت صحیح فشارخون است. اما نتایج مطالعات نشان داده است که دانشجویان معمولا دانش کافی درمورد روش های صحیح اندازه گیری فشارخون ندارند و این ممکن است بر عملکرد آن ها تاثیرگذار باشد. این مطالعه با هدف اثربخشی فیلم آموزشی با بازخورد همتایان بر دانش دانشجویان پزشکی درخصوص نحوه اندازه گیری فشارخون انجام شده است.

    روش ها

    در یک مطالعه نیمه تجربی، 115 دانشجوی پزشکی از بخش کارآموزی بالینی دانشکده پزشکی همدان در سال 1402 به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. فیلم آموزشی نحوه اندازه گیری فشارخون براساس آخرین دستورالعمل های بالینی ارزیابی فشارخون توسط تیم تحقیق ساخته شد. دانش دانشجویان به صورت پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با استفاده از پرسش نامه 21 سوالی محقق ساخته بررسی گردید. داده ها پس از جمع آوری وارد نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 26 شدند و با استفاده از آماره های توصیفی شامل شاخص های مرکزی و پراکندگی و آزمون های آماری ویلکاکسون، من ویتنی و مک نمار تجزیه وتحلیل گردیدند.

    یافته ها

    ازبین دانشجویان شرکت کننده در پژوهش، 60 درصد مرد و 40 درصد زن بودند. ازنظر سنی، 7/6 درصد زیر 22 سال 78/4 درصد بین 24-22 سال و 14 درصد بالای 24 سال بودند. میانگین و انحراف معیار نمره دانش دانشجویان قبل از تماشای فیلم 2/82±8/72 بود که پس از تماشای فیلم به 2/96±18/8 افزایش یافت (Z=-9.32, P<0.001). میزان درصد دانش قبل از تماشای فیلم (41/1) و پس از تماشای فیلم (87/1) بود (0/05>P).

    نتیجه گیری

    میزان دانش دانشجویان پزشکی عمومی درخصوص روش صحیح اندازه گیری فشارخون پس از تماشای فیلم آموزشی افزایش یافت. بنابراین به نظر می رسد بسته فیلم آموزشی همراه با روش آموزش همتا روش موثری در آموزش روش صحیح اندازه گیری فشارخون است. تکرار دوره ای آموزش اندازه گیری فشارخون براساس آخرین دستورالعمل های بالینی با به کارگیری روش های نوین آموزشی شامل روش های چندرسانه ای می تواند به بهبود کیفیت آموزش کمک قابل توجهی کند.

    کلید واژگان: بازخورد، دانشجویان پزشکی، فشارخون
    Zahra Ataie Kamal, Younes Mohammadi, Masoumeh Seidi, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini*
    Introduction

    One of the first skills that medical students learn is to measure and record blood pressure correctly. However, the results of studies have shown that students usually lack enough knowledge about the correct methods of measuring blood pressure, and this may affect their performance. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the educational video with peer feedback on the knowledge of medical students about how to measure blood pressure.

    Methods

    In this quasi-experimental study, 115 medical students were selected from the clinical internship section in Hamadan Faculty of Medicine (2023) by available sampling methods. The research team made an educational video on how to measure blood pressure based on the latest clinical guidelines for assessing blood pressure. Students' knowledge was assessed pre- and post-test using a 21-item researcher-made questionnaire. After collection, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including central and dispersion indices and Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and McNemar statistical tests, through SPSS version 26.

    Results

    Of the students, 60% were male and 40% were female. In terms of age, 7.6% were under 22 years old, 78.4% were between 22 to 24 years old, and 14% were over 24 years old. The mean and standard deviation of the student’s knowledge score of the total of 21 questions before watching the movie was 8.72±2.82, which after watching the movie increased to 18.8±2.96 (Z=-9.32, P<0.001). The frequency of awareness before watching the educational film was 41%, and after watching the film was 86% (P<0.05).

    Conclusion

    The knowledge of medical students increased after watching the educational video. Therefore, it seems that educational videos and peer feedback are effective methods of teaching the correct method of blood pressure measurement. Periodic repetition of teaching blood pressure measurement based on the last clinical guidelines using new educational methods, including multimedia methods, helps to improve the quality of education

    Keywords: Blood Pressure, Feedback, Students, Medical
  • Tantut Susanto*, Sri Hernawati, Rismawan Adi Yunanto, Ira Rahmawati, Niken Asih Laras Ati, Wahyuni Fauziah
    Background

     Hypertension (HTN) has become a serious health problem in developing countries. The family has an important role in maintaining blood pressure (BP) at home, and sodium diet compliance in people with HTN needs to be developed. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a family self-management program (FSMP) in HTN management and compliance with sodium consumption in rural areas of Indonesia.

    Study Design:

     A parallel-group, single-blind randomized controlled trial.

    Methods

     One hundred twenty-six eligible participants were randomly allocated to an intervention (n=63) and a control group (n=63). Participants in the intervention group received a 24-week (6-month) FSMP intervention. The primary outcome measures included the systolic and diastolic BP, the Score Sodium Questionnaire (SSQ), and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8 (MMAS-8). The Knowledge of Health Care for HTN questionnaire and the Efficacy and Behavior Toward Health Care for Patients with HTN questionnaire were used to assess the secondary outcome.

    Results

     The final results were analyzed from 121 participants (n=61 intervention and n=60 control group). The repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) test results demonstrated significant effects on the management of HTN and adherence to sodium consumption as indicated by systolic (P=0.004) and diastolic BP (P=0.006), SSQ (P<0.001), MMAS 8 (P<0.001), caregivers’ knowledge (P<0.001), caregivers’ self-efficacy (P<0.001), and caregivers’ behaviors (P=0.005).

    Conclusion

     The FMSP emerges as a promising strategy for managing BP and adherence to sodium consumption in people with HTN through the support of family caregivers and selfmanagement activities.

    Keywords: Family Self-Management Programs, Hypertension, Caregivers, Blood Pressure, Sodium
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درخواست پشتیبانی - گزارش اشکال