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  • آرمان نعیمی، مرجان مردانی حموله*، مهناز قلجه، شیما حقانی
    زمینه و هدف 

     امروزه با گسترش کاربردهای اینترنت در میان دانش آموزان، استفاده مشکل دار از آن نیز رو به افزایش می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت در میان دانش آموزان شهر تهران انجام شد.

    روش بررسی 

    در این مطالعه توصیفی، 256 دانش آموز از بین مدارس مقطع دوم متوسطه شهر تهران با روش نمونه گیری سهمیه ای در سال 1401 بررسی شدند. ابزار گرداوری اطلاعات در این مطالعه فرم اطلاعات فردی و مقیاس روا و پایاشده استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت بود که به روش خودگزارشی توسط نمونه های موردمطالعه تکمیل شد. سپس داده ها با نرم افزار آماری SPSS نسخه 16 و با به کارگیری آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون های تی مستقل، آنالیز واریانس) تجزیه وتحلیل شدند.

    یافته ها

    میانگین نمره استفاده مشکل دار از اینترنت در بین دانش آموزان 8/19±50/27 از نمره کل 100 بود. بیشترین میانگین استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت در بعد مداخلات اجتماعی برابر با 0/55±2/59 و کمترین در بعد اثرات سوء برابر با 0/51±2/44 بود. استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت با هیچ یک از مشخصات فردی دانش آموزان ارتباط معنی دار آماری نداشت (0/05<p).

    نتیجه گیری

    طراحی برنامه هایی در جهت آموزش به دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه جهت کاهش استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت توسط مسئولین مدارس پیشنهاد می شود. این برنامه ها می تواند توسط روان پرستاران در سطح مدارس به اجرا گذاشته شود.</p).

    کلید واژگان: اینترنت، استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت، دانش آموز، سلامت روانی
    Arman Naeemi, Marjan Mardani Hamooleh*, Mahnaz Ghaljeh, Shima Haghani
    Background & Aims

    With the spread of web-based applications among students, problematic Internet use (PIU) is increasing. This study aims of investigate the PIU rate among high school students in Tehran, Iran.

    Materials & Methods

    In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 256 second-year high school students in Tehran city were included using a convenience sampling method in 2022. The data collection tools were a demographic form and the problematic internet Use questionnaire (PIUQ). The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, analysis of variance).

    Results

    The mean total score of PIUQ was 50.27±8.19 out of 100. Among the PIUQ domains, social interactions had the highest mean (2.59±0.55), while adverse effects had the lowest mean (2.44±0.51). There was no significant difference in the PIUQ score based on any demographic variables (P>0.05).

    Conclusion 

    The development of educational programs by high school officials for students to reduce the adverse effects of PIU is recommended.

    Keywords: Internet, Problematic Internet Use, Student, Mental Health
  • محدثه عباس نژاد، خدیجه عمویی دیزجی*
    مقدمه

    انعطاف پذیری شناختی و سبک های دلبستگی از جمله عوامل پیش بینی کننده اعتیاد به اینترنت در نوجوانان هستند. هدف پژوهش حاضر پیش بینی اعتیاد به اینترنت براساس سبک های دلبستگی با میانجیگری انعطاف پذیری شناختی در نوجوانان شهر کرج بود.

    روش کار

    روش پژوهش توصیفی- همبستگی و جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل تمامی نوجوانان متوسطه دوم مدارس دولتی و غیردولتی شهر کرج درسال تحصیلی 1401-1402 بودند که از  میان آن ها 200 تن به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه جمعیت شناختی، "آزمون اعتیاد به اینترنت" (Internet Addiction Test)، "پرسشنامه سبک دلبستگی نوجوانان" (Adolescent Attachment Style Questionnaire) و "سیاهه انعطاف پذیری شناختی" (Cognitive Flexibility Inventory) بود. روایی ابزارها با استفاده از روایی محتوا به روش کیفی و پایایی به روش همسانی درونی با محاسبه ضریب آلفا کرونباخ اندازه گیری شد. تحلیل داده های جمع اوری شده در نرم افزارهای اس پی اس اس نسخه 26 و ایموس نسخه 26 انجام شد.

    یافته ها

    اعتیاد به اینترنت براساس دلبستگی ایمن (502/0-=β، 001/0>P)، دلبستگی اضطرابی (483/0=β، 001/0>P)، دلبستگی اجتنابی (374/0=β، 001/0>P) و انعطاف پذیری شناختی (456/0-=β، 001/0>P) پیش بینی می شود. دلبستگی ایمن (172/0-=β، 001/0>P)، دلبستگی اضطرابی (110/0=β، 001/0>P)، دلبستگی اجتنابی (144/0=β، 001/0>P) با میانجیگری انعطاف پذیری شناختی، اعتیاد به اینترنت را پیش بینی می کنند.

    نتیجه گیری

    سبک های دلبستگی با میانجیگری انعطاف پذیری شناختی اعتیاد به اینترنت در نوجوانان را پیش بینی می کند. لذا پیشنهاد می شود، مشاوران و روانشناسان کودک و نوجوان بر انعطاف پذیری شناختی و سبک های دلبستگی در درمان اعتیاد به اینترنت متمرکز شوند.

    کلید واژگان: اعتیاد به اینترنت، انعطاف پذیری شناختی، دلبستگی، نوجوانان
    Mohddeseh Abbasnejad, Khadijeh Amoei Dizaji*
    Introduction

    Cognitive flexibility and attachment styles are among the predictors of Internet addiction in adolescents. The present study aimed to predict Internet addiction based on attachment styles with the mediation of cognitive flexibility in adolescents in Karaj City.

    Methods

    The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the present study included all second-high school adolescents of government and non-government schools in Karaj city in the academic year 2022-2023, of which 200 were selected by connivance sampling. Research instruments were demographic questionnaire, "Internet Addiction Test"; "Adolescent Attachment Style Questionnaire" and "Cognitive Flexibility Inventory". The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity using a qualitative method, and reliability was measured using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. 26 and Amos. 26.

    Results

    Internet addiction is predicted based on secure attachment (β=-0.502, P<0.001), anxious attachment (β=0.483, P<0.001), avoidant attachment (β=0.374, P<0.001), and cognitive flexibility (β=-0.456, P<0.001). Secure attachment (β=-0.172, P<0.001), anxious attachment (β=0.110, P<0.001), and avoidant attachment (β=0.144, P<0.001 through the mediation of cognitive flexibility predict Internet addiction.

    Conclusions

    The attachment styles predict internet addiction in adolescents through the mediation of cognitive flexibility. Therefore, it is suggested that child and adolescent counselors and psychologists focus on mental flexibility and attachment styles in the treatment of Internet addiction.

    Keywords: Adolescents, Attachment, Cognitive Flexibility, Internet
  • Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula*, Theodoros Daglis, Vijay Kumar Chattu*
    Background

     The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines may have raised public concerns about their safety and side effects in the United States (US). This study aimed to assess trends in online searches related to the safety and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines in the US from 2021-2022.

    Methods

     Google COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights was used to analyze searches about COVID-19 vaccine safety and side effects in the US from January 4, 2021, to November 21, 2022 (98 weeks). Data were scaled from 0 (low interest) to 100 (high interest) as a fixed scaling factor called scaled normalized interest (SNI) to indicate relative search interest over time and by location. A joinpoint regression analysis was used to determine the search trends during the study period.

    Results

     Analysis included 709 counties across 38 US states. Searches of COVID-19 vaccine safety and side effects peaked in April 2021 in the District of Columbia (SNI: 35.8), Massachusetts (29.7), New Hampshire (27.4), Connecticut (27.3), and Maine (26.7), then decreased significantly by an average monthly percentage change (AMPC) of -16.6% (95% CI -19.9 to -13.3) until July 2022. Overall AMPC from January 2021 to November 2022 was -8.9% (95% CI -16.2 to -0.9; P<0.001).

    Conclusion

     Online searches related to COVID-19 vaccine safety and side effects decreased dramatically over time, supporting the utility of digital surveillance to track real-time vaccine safety concerns. This study provides insights into public interest in COVID-19 vaccine risks and can help monitor potential safety issues.

    Keywords: Adverse Effects, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, COVID-19 Vaccines, Epidemiology, Health Behavior, Human, Internet, Public Health, United States
  • ZAHRA SADEQI-ARANI *, REZA VAHIDNIA, ESMAEIL MAZROUI NASRABADI
    The emergence of the Internet of Behaviors (IoB) has created new opportunities for influencing and guiding human decisionmaking. IoB refers to the collection, analysis, and application ofdata generated by individuals’ online activities, behaviors, and interactions. This concept integrates data from various sources, including social media, wearable devices, smartphones, andother digital platforms, to gain insights into human behavior patterns. This technology can profoundly affect various areas of our lives, such as healthcare, education, and transportation. Thispaper explores the transformative potential of IoB in educational businesses, where it enables personalized learning, real-time feedback, and improved student retention. By analyzing data onstudent engagement and performance, IoB supports differentiated instruction, enhances collaborative learning, and drives datadriven curriculum development. Additionally, IoB contributes to students’ health and safety through wearable technology and promotes smart, resource-efficient classrooms. However, the implementation of IoB in education poses significant challenges, including privacy concerns, technical complexities, and access disparities. The paper identifies key areas for future research, such as the integration of IoB with traditional pedagogical approaches, equitable access to IoB technologies, and development of ethical standards to safeguard student privacy. This commentary underscores IoB’s potential to revolutionize education while emphasizing the need for careful consideration of its challenges to ensure broad and equitable benefits.
    Keywords: Internet, Behavior, Learning, Education, Businesses
  • یاسمین احمدی، امیرمحمد چکنی، سمیه نامداری، لیلا اسدی*
    پیش زمینه و هدف

    اختلال نقص توجه/بیش فعالی (ADHD) یک اختلال مزمن است که در دوران کودکی تشخیص داده می شود و ممکن است تا بزرگ سالی نیز ادامه یابد. با توجه به فراگیری استفاده از اینترنت، به ویژه در میان بزرگ سالان جوان که از اصلی ترین کاربران آن محسوب می شوند، شواهد نشان می دهد که استفاده مداوم و بیش ازحد از اینترنت می تواند بر سلامت روانی افراد تاثیر منفی بگذارد. بنابراین، این مطالعه مروری سیستماتیک با هدف تعیین ارتباط بین استفاده از اینترنت و علائم اختلال نقص توجه/بیش فعالی (ADHD) در بزرگ سالان انجام شد.

    مواد و روش ها

    پروتکل این مرور بر اساس دستورالعمل های PRISMA تنظیم شد. پایگاه های داده شامل PubMed، Web of Science، Cochrane، SID و Magiran از سال 2016 تا سپتامبر 2024 برای شناسایی مطالعات موردبررسی قرار گرفتند. جستجو با استفاده از ترکیبی از کلیدواژه های فارسی و انگلیسی شامل "اختلال نقص توجه و بیش فعالی"، "بزرگ سالان جوان"، "اینترنت"، "ADHD"، "Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder"، "young adult" و "Internet" به همراه مترادف های آن ها انجام شد. فهرست منابع مقالات انتخاب شده و مرورهای سیستماتیک مرتبط نیز بررسی شدند. کیفیت مطالعات با استفاده از معیار Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) ارزیابی شد و تنها مطالعاتی با کیفیت متوسط و بالا وارد مطالعه شدند.

    یافته ها

    در این پژوهش مروری، 10 مطالعه وارد شدند. به دلیل ناهمگونی (هتروژنیتی) موجود در مطالعات اولیه، امکان انجام متاآنالیز وجود نداشت و سنتز کیفی برای ارائه نتایج انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده بیش ازحد از اینترنت می تواند علائم نقص توجه/بیش فعالی را افزایش دهد. همچنین، افراد با شدت بالای این اختلال بیشتر در معرض اعتیاد اینترنتی قرار دارند. این یافته ها نشان می دهند که بین استفاده بیش ازحد از اینترنت و علائم اختلال نقص توجه/بیش فعالی یک رابطه دوسویه وجود دارد.

    بحث و نتیجه گیری

    نتایج نشان داد که استفاده بیش ازحد یا نامتعادل از اینترنت ممکن است با افزایش شدت علائم ADHD، به ویژه مشکلات تمرکز، تکانش گری و مدیریت زمان، مرتبط باشد. پیشنهاد می شود مطالعات آینده به بررسی نقش فناوری های نوظهور، نظیر هوش مصنوعی و اپلیکیشن های مدیریت زمان، در بهبود یا تشدید علائم ADHD بپردازند.

    کلید واژگان: اختلال نقص توجه، بیش فعالی، اینترنت، بزرگ سالان جوان
    Yasamin Ahmadi, Amirmohammad Chekeni, Somaye Namdari, Leila Asadi*
    Background & Aim

    Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition diagnosed in childhood that can persist into adulthood. Given the widespread use of the Internet, especially among young adults who are its primary users, evidence suggests that frequent and excessive Internet use may impact individuals' mental health. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to determine the association between Internet use and ADHD symptoms in adults.

    Materials & Methods

    This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, SID, and Magiran were searched for studies published between 2016 and September 2024 using a combination of Persian and English keywords: "Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder", "Young Adults", "Internet", and "ADHD", along with their synonyms. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and only studies of moderate to high quality were included.

    Results

    A total of 10 studies were included in this review. The findings indicated that excessive Internet use can increase ADHD symptoms, and individuals with severe ADHD are more likely to develop Internet addiction. These results suggest a bidirectional relationship between excessive Internet use and ADHD symptoms.

    Conclusion

    The findings indicate that excessive or unregulated Internet use may be associated with increased ADHD severity, particularly in areas such as concentration, impulsivity, and time management. We recommend that future studies explore the impact of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and time management apps, on ADHD symptoms—whether they contribute to improvement or exacerbate the condition.

    Keywords: Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder, Internet, Young Adults
  • Fatemeh Aliverdi, Zohreh Mahmoodi *, Zahra Mehdizadeh Tourzani, Leila Amini, Farima Mohamadi
    Background
    The availability and use of various social networks influence individuals’ lives. This survey aimed to determine students’ quality of life and its relationship with internet and social networks use in the shadow of the COVID-19 outbreak.
    Methods
    This descriptive survey was performed on 350 eligible students from Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using three questionnaires covering socioeconomic status, social networks, quality of life, and a sociodemographic checklist. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.
    Results
    In this study, the average age of participants was 22.42±2.8 years, with an average daily social network usage of 3.76±2.11 hours. The mean quality of life score was 62.9±16.9, and the mean score for social network engagement was 49.87±9.3. A significant association was found between social network scores and both the type of social network used and the average time spent on these platforms. Within the dimensions of social network use, the type of social network (B=-0.230) served as a negative predictor, while 4-5 hours of daily social network use (B=0.196) served as a positive predictor for quality of life scores.
    Conclusion
    The study findings indicate a significant connection between the use of the Internet and social networks and students’ quality of life. Therefore, it is imperative to address the time spent on and the type of social networks that is particularly important.
    Keywords: Internet, Social Networks, Quality Of Life, Students
  • Samar J Melhem*, Shereen Nanhani-Gebara, Reem Kayyali
    Background

     This study investigated the online information-seeking behaviours of breast cancer patients at Jordan University Hospital, focusing on their dissatisfaction with available online health resources and its impact on their well-being and anxiety levels.

    Methods

     Employing descriptive phenomenology and convenience sampling, we conducted five Skype-based focus groups with 4-6 breast cancer survivors each, from March to July 2020. Data analysis was performed using NVivo, following Braun and Clark’s inductive thematic analysis framework.

    Results

     The thematic analysis revealed critical insights into survivors’ interactions with online cancer resources, identifying key subthemes such as the quality of online information, cyberchondriasis, health literacy and search strategies, the distress caused by counterproductive searches, and the tendency to avoid internet searches.

    Conclusion

     The study underscores the challenges breast cancer survivors face in accessing online health information, especially in Arabic. It highlights the need to improve the quality and accessibility of these resources. Enhancing the cultural relevance of online materials and educating patients on effective information evaluation are crucial. These measures can significantly boost health literacy, mitigate anxiety, and provide better support for breast cancer survivors.

    Keywords: Anxiety, Breast neoplasms, Cancer survivors, Health communication, Information seeking behaviour, Internet, Patient education as topic, Psychosocial factors
  • Ana Pjevac, Teodora Safiye, Elvis Mahmutovic, Ardea Milidrag, Aleksandar Radlovic, Zaklina Rajkovic, Sonja Milosavljevic, Andjela Gogic, Mirjana Jovanovic
    Background

    The term "internet addiction" (IA) describes a compulsive behavior associated with any online activity that disrupts everyday social interactions. Main aim of this research was to determine variables and development predictors of Internet addiction.

    Methods

    A total of 1,669 respondents participated in this research; 1,040 of them (62.3%) were female, 590 (35.4%) were male, and 39 (2.3%) did not want to declare their gender. The average age of the respondents was 15.09±1.757. Data were collected using an online form consisted of demographic data, questions related to the use of the Internet, the Internet Addiction Scale, and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-auto questionnaire version (TEMPS-A) for adolescents.

    Results

    The relationship between Internet addiction and age, addictive substance use frequency, purpose, time spent on the internet, and type of temperament has been proven. Analysis results indicate that the risk of developing internet addiction is higher if an adolescent spends 1-3 hours and more than 3 hours daily (2.8 and 8.2 times, respectively). Increasing age numbers for 1 unit (year), the risk of internet addiction developing is decreasing by 11.3%. Hyperthymic temperament type decreases the risk of 70.9% of internet addiction developing.

    Conclusion

    It is important to highlight importance of our results since practitioners can utilize our findings to create targeted treatments and prevent internet addiction in adolescents.

    Keywords: Internet, Addiction, Adolescents, Temperament
  • Masoud Mohammadi, Mohammad‑Rafi Bazrafshan

    Dear Editor, Coronavirus disease (COVID‑19), a terrifying pandemic that has plagued the world for more than 2 years and continues to infect and kill people, mutations in its spheres, especially the omicron sphere, has accelerated the incidence of infection and death. According to the World Health Organization on February 25, 2022, more than 5 million COVID‑19 deaths were reported worldwide.

    Keywords: COVID‑19, Coronavirus disease, Infection, Internet, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2 virus
  • علیرضا حیدری *، آرمان مردانی، فریده کوچک، زهرا خطیرنامنی
    زمینه و اهداف

     مطالعات نشان داده اند، استفاده زیاد از شبکه های اجتماعی می تواند باعث بروز اختلالات روانی شود. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین ارتباط بین میزان استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی تلفن همراه با سلامت روان انجام شد.

    مواد و روش ها

     یک مطالعه مقطعی در سال 1401 انجام شد. 250 نفر از کارکنان ستادی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان در مطالعه شرکت نمودند. روش نمونه گیری به روش طبقه ای تصادفی متناسب بود. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها، چک لیست متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی و همچنین، پرسشنامه های روا و پایا شده میزان استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی تلفن همراه و سلامت روان بودند. داده ها به کمک آمار توصیفی و استنباطی در نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 24 و سطح معناداری 0/05 تحلیل شد. رعایت ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل اجرای مطالعه درنظر گرفته شد.

    یافته ها

     میانگین سنی کارکنان 6/8 ±41/07 سال و میانگین سابقه کار آنها 6/93 ±15/04 سال بود. 56/8 درصد زن و بقیه مرد بودند. بیشترین شبکه اجتماعی مورد استفاده کاربران، واتس آپ (44/8 درصد) بود. میانگین نمره استفاده از شبکه اجتماعی و سلامت روان به ترتیب 5/74 ±21/81 و 6/2 ±35/17 بود. میزان استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی با نمره کل سلامت روان ارتباط معناداری داشت (P<0/001).

    نتیجه گیری

     میزان استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی در سطح پایینی گزارش شد و سلامت روان کارکنان نیازمند مداخلات جدی است. با توجه به وجود ارتباط بین میزان استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی با سلامت روان، استفاده منطقی و کنترل شده شبکه های اجتماعی می تواند مانع به مخاطره افتادن سلامت روان کارکنان گردد.

    کلید واژگان: شبکه های اجتماعی، تلفن همراه، اینترنت، اختلالات روانی، سلامت روان
    Alireza Heidari *, Arman Mardani, Farideh Kouchak, Zahra Khatirnamani
    Background and Aims

     Studies have shown that excessive use of social networks may cause mental disorders. This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the use of cell phone’s social networks and mental health.

    Materials and Methods

     A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022, in which totally 250 staff members of Golestan University of Medical Sciences participated. Proportional random stratified sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a checklist of demographic variables. Additionally, valid and reliable questionnaires on the use of mobile cell phone’s social networks and mental health were exploited. The data was analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software (v.24) and statistical tests were considered significant at P<0.05. Compliance with ethical considerations was considered in all stages of the study implementation.

    Results

     The average age of employees was 41.07±6.8 years and their average work experience was 15.04±6.93 years. About 56.8% of participants were women and the rest were men. WhatsApp was the most commonly used social network by study participants (44.8 percent). The average score of using mobile social network and mental health was 21.81±5.74 and 35.17±6.20 respectively. The use of social networks revealed a statistically significant association with the total score of mental health (P < 0.001).

    Conclusion

     The amount of social networks use was reported at a low level and the mental health of employees needs serious interventions. Considering the existence of a relationship between the engagement in social networks and mental health, the controlled use of social networks can prevent employees' mental health from being compromised.

    Keywords: Social Networks, Mobile Phone, Internet, Mental Disorders, Mental Health
  • Fereshteh Danesh, Masoud Mohammadi *, Ghasem Naziri Naziri, Najmeh Fath
    Background
    Despite all the positive features of the internet, the risk of addiction threatens users. Sleep disorders and the negative effects on self-efficacy are important risks of this technology. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of modifying the parent-child interaction pattern based on play therapy (filial therapy) on internet addiction, sleep quality, and self-efficacy in 9-12-year-old children.
    Methods
    This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all 3617 boys and girls aged 9-12 years studying in selected schools in Kerman, Iran (12 elementary schools) in the academic year 2020-2021. A total of 72 students were randomly selected from among the children who met the benchmark score of internet addiction and were not under medical and psychological treatment. The participants were divided into two experimental and control groups (36 students each). A demographic information questionnaire, the Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. 
    Findings
    The mean scores of internet addiction in the pre-test and post-test were 86.67 and 86.23 in the control group and 88.14 and 75.14 in the experimental group, respectively, which showed a decrease in internet addiction. The scores of sleep quality in the pre-test and post-test were 1.81 and 1.78 in the control group and 1.75 and 0.5 in the experimental group, respectively.Moreover, the overall scores of self-efficacy in the pre-test and post-test were 63.64 and 63.94 in the control group and 62.08and 81.75 in the experimental group, respectively. The results indicated an improvement in the overall quality of sleep and selfefficacy.
    Conclusion
    The results showed that the severity of internet addiction in children decreased after the treatment based on modifying the parent-child interaction, and this treatment was also effective on self-efficacy and sleep disorders.
    Keywords: filial therapy, Addiction, Internet, sleep, self-efficacy
  • مقدمه

    ارتقای توانایی ها و عملکرد پرستاران در مدیریت زمان، یکی از نیازها و ضرورت های ارتقای نیروی انسانی است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین اثربخشی آموزش مدیریت زمان بر استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت و کیفیت زندگی دانشجویان پرستاری انجام شد. 

    روش کار

    در این مطالعه 105 نفر از دانشجویان پرستاری دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی مشهد به روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای انتخاب و در دو گروه آزمون (58 نفر) و شاهد (47 نفر) قرار گرفتند. گروه آزمون در 2 جلسه چهار ساعته (مدیریت زمان) و 1 جلسه دو ساعته (آموزش کاربردی) طی سه هفته متوالی آموزش دریافت کردند و گروه شاهد در لیست انتظار قرار داشتند. دانشجویان پرسشنامه استفاده از اینترنت مشکل ساز، پرسشنامه استاندارد مدیریت زمان مورهد و گریفین و پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی سازمان بهداشت جهانی (BREF-WHOQOL) را در پیش آزمون و پس آزمون تکمیل کردند. داده ها با کمک آزمون های تی مستقل و یو-من ویتنی و نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 16 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. 

    یافته ها

    نتایج نشان داد که آموزش مدیریت زمان در کاهش استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت موثر بوده است (001/0 <p) ، اما در بهبود کیفیت زندگی دانش آموزان موثر نبوده است (05/0 >p). 

    نتیجه گیری

    با توجه به نتایج، استفاده از راهبردهای مدیریت زمان نقش موثری در کاهش استفاده مشکل زا از اینترنت در دانشجویان دارد.

    کلید واژگان: آموزش، اینترنت، کیفیت زندگی، مدیریت زمان
    Nasim Narouei, Mehri Yavari *, Hamidreza Behnam Vashani, Mina Yazdanian
    Introduction

    Improving the abilities and performance of nurses in time management, is one of the needs and necessities of improving human resources. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of time management training on the problematic use of the Internet and the quality of life in nursing students. 

    Materials and Methods

    In the present study, 105 nursing students at the Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Mashhad-Iran, were selected using stratified sampling and they were assigned into two experimental (n= 58) and control group (n= 47). The experimental group, received the training in 2 four-hour sessions (time management) and 1 two-hour session (application training) during three consecutive weeks, while the control group was on the waiting list. Students completed the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire, Morehead and Griffin Standard Time Management Questionnaire, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (BREF-WHOQOL) in pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed aiding independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, and SPSS version 16 software. 

    Results

    The results showed that time management training was effective in reducing the problematic use of the Internet (P< 0.001), but it was not effective in improving the quality of life of students (P> 0.05). 

    Conclusion

    According to the results, the use of time management strategies plays an effective role in reducing the problematic use of the Internet in university students.

    Keywords: Education, internet, Quality of life, Time management
  • Kimia Yazdani, Fatemeh Rashidi Meybodi*, Meysam Mahabadi, Milad Safaripour
    Background

    The use of cyberspace and social media has increased in recent years and has been applied to improve the health of people in society. A study was conducted to determine the attitude of people in Isfahan towards the use of these platforms in the field of dentistry.

    Materials and Methods

    This cross-sectional study involved 257 randomly selected participants from three groups based on age and education level in each of Isfahan's 15 districts. The questionnaire used in the study was divided into two parts: general information and attitude-related questions. To analyze the data, Student's t-test, Chi-square, Friedman, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used (α=0.05).

    Results

    The study in Isfahan showed high use of cyberspace in dentistry, especially by women, young adults (16-35 years), and those with higher education. Users mainly seek dental information and select a dentist, with a significant relation to age (p<0.001), gender (p=0.048) and level of education (p=0.001) Positive online comments and reviews were more important for young adults (16-35years old )(p<0.001)  and have no significant relationship with gender and education (p>0.05).

    Conclusion

    In conclusion the people of Isfahan had a positive attitude towards using cyberspace and social media in. Age, gender, and level of education can affect the use of cyberspace for health training, and selection of type and place of treatment.

    Keywords: Dentistry, Attitude, Internet, social media
  • Hamed Delam, Zeinab Mirzanoori, Seyed Zeinab Zandavi, Hamed Safari, Zeinab Shahbazi *
    Background

    During the last decade, social media have affected people’s lives in an unprecedented way, today, different parts of people’s lives, from shopping to education, business, and electronic messages, are influenced by these media. In fact, social media have become an integral part of human life today, and in recent years this dependence has become even greater than before. Because following the spread of the COVID-19, people used social media more to work and study, to keep in touch with their loved ones, and to get information about Covid-19. The present study aimed to determine the positive and negative impact of social media in the Covid-19 pandemic.

    Methods

    The present study was a brief review designed. From 01 to 10 January 2022, the researchers of this study examined 6 international databases: Medline/PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Science. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the articles, 46 articles entered the next stage, in which the full text of the articles was reviewed.

    Results

    Social media provides a space where health information is easily accessible to everyone. This capability is very efficient in global emergencies such as the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic so the use of social networks during the Covid-19 pandemic has increased significantly compared to previous data. In today’s world, social media has become a new field in business and marketing. With the involvement of social media in many aspects of life, we see its significant impact on various aspects of business, from brand development to guaranteeing buyer’s trust. 

    Conclusion

    Today, the role of social media in social communication, health, economy and other cultural fields is undeniable. However, it is important to consider the negative effects of these media. It seems that it is necessary that social media users be given the principal training before and during their use so that they do not become victims of its undesirable and unconscious effects.

    Keywords: Distance, Social Media, Social networking, Internet, User-computer interface
  • Marziyei Rabie, Seyed Jalil Masoumi, Seyed MohammadJavad Mortazavi *, Samane Nematolahi, Masoud Haghani
    Background

    Smartphone users frequently connect to the Internet via mobile data or Wi-Fi. Over the past two decades, the worldwide percentage of people who connect to the Internet using their mobile phones has increased drastically.

    Objective

    This study aimed to evaluate the potential link between mobile cellular data/ and Wi-Fi use and adverse health effects.

    Material and Methods

    This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,796 employees (52% female and 48% male) of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran. The sociodemographic data (e.g., gender, age, nationality, and education level) were collected for all the participants. They were also requested to provide information about their smartphone use including the characteristics of the connection to the Internet using their smartphones (mobile data and Wi-Fi). In addition, the participants’ history of diabetes, hypertension, cardiac ischemia, myocardial infarction, renal failure, fatty liver, hepatitis, chronic lung disease, thyroid disease, kidney stone, gall bladder stone, rheumatoid disease, epilepsy, and chronic headache was recorded through face-to-face interviews.

    Results

    94% of people participating in this study reported using mobile/Wi-Fi internet. The mean (±SD) Internet usage per day was 117.85±122.70 minutes including 76±98 minutes of mobile data and 42±81 minutes of Wi-Fi use. 

    Conclusion

    Our findings showed no link between mobile phone Internet usage and the risk of the above-mentioned health problems. As in 2021, the global average daily time spent on the Internet using mobile phones was 155 minutes, the participants’ lower use time could explain the failure to show any detrimental effects. Considering the study limitations, further large-scale studies are warranted.

    Keywords: Smartphone, Internet, Cellular data, Wi-Fi, Health
  • Seyed Iman Seyedzadeh, Behnaz Shid Anbarani, Hossein Farrokhi, Atiyeh Taghavi Bojnordi, Javad Momeni, Sajad Sahab Negah
    Objectives

    In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The SARS-COV-2 pandemic is causing psychological impacts such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Concerning this situation, improvement in internet-based mental health services is necessary. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Internet-based Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (IMBSR) with the Online Counseling Guidelines of the Ministry of Health (OCGMH) in the reduction of depression, anxiety, and stress during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic.

    Methods

     A quasi-experimental study with a two-group randomized controlled, pretest-posttest questioner was designed. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 84 participants were enrolled in the study that had contact with Ferdowsi University of Mashhad's Psychology and Counseling Clinic through online networks to complain about anxiety and distress caused by the coronavirus. Data analysis was performed using Independent sample t-test. both internet-based interventions (i.e., IMBSR and OCGMH) were executed by clinical psychologists.

    Results

    The mean scores for stress, anxiety, and depression were significantly improved after both internet interventions (i.e., IMBSR and OCGMH). Further analysis showed that stress and anxiety significantly decreased in the IMBSR group compared to the OCGMH group (P<0.05). however, participants in the OCGMH group had a lower score of the depression index than that of the IMBSR group (P<0.05).

    Conclusion

    To summarize, IMBSR intervention improved the stress and anxiety during the quarantine of SARS-COV-2. Together these results provide important insights into internet-based interventions during pandemic situations. As a suggestion, advances in internet-based mental health services are necessary during the quarantine of diseases.

    Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, Mindfulness, SARS-COV-2, Stress, Internet, Internet-based intervention, Remoteconsultation, COVID-19
  • Hamideh Mancheri, Zahra Sabzi*, Zahra Royani, Zahra Talebi, Somaye Sadeghian
    Background

    The curious, unplanned, and aimlessly searches of students on the internet result in a type of addiction to the internet and can have negative effects on their academic performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cyberspace addiction on the academic performance of nursing and midwifery students.

    Methods

    This cross-sectional study was performed on 302 nursing and midwifery students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Data were collected online using the Internet Addiction Test and a cell phone addiction questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05.

    Results

    The average score of internet addiction was 44.61±12.77 (at a low level), and the average score of cell phone addiction was 51.46±14.59 (at a moderate level). There was a significant relationship between cell phone addiction and marital status (P=0.038) and age (P=0.011). The average score of internet addiction was significantly higher in dormitory students than in non-dormitory students (P = 0.011).

    Conclusion

    Considering the existence of cyberspace addiction among nursing and midwifery students, it is recommended to hold educational workshops to increase awareness about the consequences of this problem.

    Keywords: Internet, Internet addiction disorder, Technology addiction, Academic performance
  • جمیله کریمی، سعید صیادی*، مسعود پورکیانی، سنجر سلاجقه، علیرضا عرب پور
    مقدمه
    هدف این پژوهش بررسی مولفه های موثر بر توسعه منابع انسانی در حوزه رفاه اجتماعی بر اساس رویکرد دلفی بود.
    روش ها
    این مطالعه با ماهیت توصیفی با تکنیک دلفی در سه راند انجام شد. جامعه آماری 20 نفر از اعضای هییت علمی و خبرگان منابع انسانی در استان سیستان و بلوچستان بودند که با نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب گردیدند. طی بررسی کتابخانه ای و اینترنتی، عناصر تشکیل دهنده توسعه منابع انسانی در حوزه رفاه اجتماعی شناسایی شد و برای جستجو از بانک های اطلاعاتی معتبر اینترنتی شامل Emerald، Elsevier و Science Direct استفاده گردید و مقالاتی در این زمینه نیز مطالعه شد. نظرسنجی از خبرگان بر اساس طیف پنج تایی کاملا نامناسب (1)، نامناسب (2)، نسبتا مناسب (3)، مناسب (4)، کاملا مناسب (5) انجام گرفت. روایی محتوایی مورد تایید خبرگان قرار گرفت و جهت توافق از ضریب کندال استفاده شد.
    یافته ها
    برای شناسایی ابعاد، شاخص ها و مولفه های مدل توسعه منابع انسانی در حوزه رفاه اجتماعی از اداره تعاون، کار و رفاه اجتماعی و نظرات برخی خبرگان استفاده شد. 10 بعد (فرهنگی-اجتماعی، خلاقیت، دانش شغلی، دانش سازمانی، فکری، مهارت تصمیم گیری، مهارت ارتباطی، فناورانه، رفتاری، شایستگی ها) و 35 مولفه شناسایی شد.
    نتیجه گیری
    با توجه به پژوهش حاضر در مورد مولفه های توسعه منابع، به نظر می رسد هرگونه فعالیت مبتنی بر توسعه کارکنان در این بخش نتایج قابل توجهی برای ارتقای خدمات عمومی خواهد شد.
    کلید واژگان: تکنیک دلفی، توسعه کارکنان، نیروی کار، اینترنت، رفاه اجتماعی
    Jamileh Karimi, Saeed Sayadi *, Masoud Pourkiani, Sanjar Salajegheh, Alireza Arabpour
    Introduction
    This research aimed to investigate the factors affecting human resources development in social welfare based on the Delphi approach.
    Methods
    In three rounds, this descriptive study was conducted with the Delphi technique. The statistical population was the faculty members and human resources experts in Sistan and Baluchistan province; 20 people were selected through purposive sampling. The constituent elements of human resources development in social welfare were identified during a library and internet survey. Reliable internet databases, such as Emerald, Elsevier, and Science Direct, were searched, and articles in this field were studied. The experts survey utilized a five-point rating scale ranging from completely inappropriate (1), unsuitable (2), relatively suitable (3), suitable (4), and completely suitable (5). Experts confirmed the content validity of the survey. Kendall's coefficient was employed to assess the level of agreement among the experts.
    Results
    The aim was to identify the dimensions, indicators, and components of the human resources development model in social welfare. To achieve this, the Department of Cooperative, Labor, and Social Welfare and several experts' opinions were sought and considered. Ten dimensions (social-cultural, creativity, job knowledge, organizational knowledge, intellectual, decision-making skills, communication skills, technological, behavioral, and competencies) and 35 components were identified.
    Conclusion
    According to the current research on the components of resource development, any activity based on the development of employees in this sector will lead to significant results in promoting public services.
    Keywords: Delphi technique, Staff Development, workforce, Internet, Social Welfare
  • Zahra Galavi, Reza Khajouei*
    Introduction

    Focus group discussions are a well-established method for acquiring insights from experts in different fields. This method requires special amendments when it is used for the development of different tools in the healthcare domain. The objective of this paper is to present the lessons learned from online focus group sessions held for the development of a heuristic usability evaluation tool for mobile health applications.

    Material and Methods

    Two online focus group sessions were conducted with the participation of ten medical informatics experts to develop the tool. The sessions were recorded using screen recording software. The comments provided by the experts were categorized, and the lessons learned from these sessions were identified and reported.

    Results

    The experiences achieved from the online focus group sessions were categorized into the following ten lessons: 1) Engage the participants fully in online session discussions; 2) Use an appropriate and interesting format; 3) Select an appropriate number of people for online sessions; 4) Invite people having the closest expertise related to the research topic; 5) Employ a technical support technician in addition to the coordinator; 6) Prevent the emergence of a new topic in sessions; 7) Arrange the required hardware and software facilities before the session; 8) Prepare the content in an appropriate language; 9) Use online tools to schedule sessions; 10) Use screen-recording software.

    Conclusion

    This paper reports the lessons learned from holding online focus group sessions in the process of developing a heuristic usability evaluation tool for mobile health applications. Although these lessons were learned in a study focusing on the development of a usability tool, they can also be used to improve the results of focus group sessions in other fields of medical informatics.

    Keywords: Online Focus Group, Lessons Learned, Internet, Usability, Tool
  • Masoumeh Mosayebi-Molasaraie, Shamim Pilehvari, Amin Doosti-Irani, Zahra Cheraghi *
    Background & aim

    Despite the concerns about using cell phones and internet on women's reproductive health, few studies have considered this issue, with most focusing on animal models. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of using cell phones and internet on miscarriage.

    Methods

    In this case-control study, a sample of 211 cases and 394 controls were selected through stratified random sampling from women referred to urban health centers in Zanjan in 2019. Data on telephone and internet use was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, while health records were collected using a checklist. Women with miscarriage history were chosen randomly as the case and women with a successful pregnancy history as the control.

    Results

      Considering the average internet use per hour, and with the effect of other variables remaining constant, the odds of miscarriage increased, and this association was borderline significant (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.15, P=0.050). Meanwhile, for every hour of cell phone conversations during pregnancy, although the odds of miscarriage increased, but this association was not statistically significant (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.45, P=0.380). Similarly, turning off cell phones at night decreased the odds of miscarriage, but this association was also not statistically significant (OR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.61, P=0.380).

    Conclusion

    Although the effect of internet use on miscarriage was small and had borderline statistical significance, it appears reasonable to take preventive measures to reduce exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic waves by pregnant women.

    Keywords: Cell phone, internet, Miscarriage, Case-Control Study
نکته
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