جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گوساله" در نشریات گروه "دامپزشکی"

Ectopia cordis is a congenital anomaly. In this disorder, the heart is located completely or partly outside its original location in the chest. This deformity has three cervical, thoracic, and abdominal forms and the neck form is the most common form. Up to now, many factors such as genetic defects, the receipt of chemical products (mercury, cocaine, ethanol), the consumption of teratogenic plants, exposures to radiation, infectious agents (such as BVD virus), and the use of medications (calcium suppressants) have been known factors in Ectopia cordis occurrence. Immediately after birth, a female Holestein was referred to a veterinarian clinic in Semnan City Iran,. During the clinical examination, according to the location of the heart outside the body and under the sternum, ectopia cordis anomaly was detected.

Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) occurs in several animal species, especially cattle. Bacterial infection is the main cause of otitis media in calves. Sporadic otitis media is mostly reported in calves. However, it can also occur as the outbreaks in calves. Age and milk feeding are two important risk factors for otitis media in calves. There are three routes of entry for bacteria: 1. Through the external ear canal 2. Through the eustachian tube 3. Through hematogenous way. Clinical signs include depression, fever, anorexia, ear discharge, ear drooping, and symptoms related to the involvement of the Ⅶ and Ⅷ (facial and vestibulocochlear) nerves. Clinical diagnosis of otitis media in calves is based on the presence of symptoms such as facial and vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction, ear discharge, fever, and ocular discharge. However, other diagnostic methods such as radiography, computed tomography (CT scan) and tympanocentesis are needed to confirm the diagnosis. CT scan is the gold standard for diagnosing otitis media. Since most cases of otitis media in calves are caused by Mycoplasma species, tetracyclines, florfenicol, macrolides or fluoroquinolones are favored. For prevention of otitis media in calves, cows excreting mycoplasmas in milk should be culled or their milk should not be consumed by calves or should be pasteurized. In general, otitis media is one of the important diseases of calves that can occur as outbreaks. Treatment, control, and prevention of the otitis media could be difficult, as different factors are associated with the disease. The purpose of this study was to review the scientific articles related to otitis media in calves focusing on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease.

As the anatomical condition of the limbs is extremely important for production performance, animal welfare, as well as economic consequences, it is very important to study the types of limbs malformations in infants and provide corrective measures. A congenital malformation of the animal's limbs is more common in calves, lambs, and foals, involving flexor and extensor tendons in the fetlock and pastern joints. Deformities of the wrist and palmar-carpal joint in the forelimbs are the most common congenital deformities in calves. A non-surgical treatment is performed in cases whose limbs can be opened with the hand, and the ventral part of the fingers is in contact with the ground. The use of surgical treatment is mainly reserved for severe cases of deformity and calves with insufficient correction after splints and casts have failed. Generally, calves with flexion deformity have a good prognosis. Angular deformity of the limb refers to the deviation of the limb outward (valgus) or inward (varus). An Dorso-Palmar (Plantar) position is necessary to examine and measure the deformity's anatomical position. Angular deformities associated with abnormal bone growth plates can be corrected by removing the bone matrix or delaying on growth plate using of fixation through the growth plate. Furthermore, there are two other surgical methods for correcting angular deformity: osteotomy using the closing wedge and the step-wise method. Angular deformities related to imbalances in growth plates have a good prognosis. Secondary angular deformity caused by orthopedic injuries in the opposite limb has a poor prognosis.

Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. This condition occurs when joint space affects by invasion of various microorganisms. Failure of transfer of passive immunity, penetrating wounds, septicemia, and therapeutic or diagnostic interventions are the causes of septic arthritis. Lameness, joint effusion, pain, and fever are the most important of clinical signs of septic arthritis. One or more joints may be affected. Complete physical examination, synovial fluid and blood analysis, and imaging studies techniques are used as diagnostic tools for septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of septic arthritis are necessary to improve prognosis. Treatment strategy of septic arthritis includes antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis are described in this article.

Salmonella are endemic on most large intensive dairy farms and salmonellosis is a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Disease and mortality usually reflect a variety of management events and environmental stressors that contribute to compromised host immunity and increased pathogen exposure.

In this study, PCR method was used to identify Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis, Dublin and serovars isolated from diarrhea samples and aborted fetuses of Tehran and Alborz provinces dairy Farms. Further observation showed that the isolation of S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis is closely related to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat powder in diet of cows.

Forty-one Salmonella were isolated from diarrhea and aborted fetus samples in Tehran and Alborz provinces Farms and were confirmed by biochemical assays, then the isolates were identified by serological methods by polyvalent and monovalent Salmonella antisera. DNA of samples was extracted by Boiling method and was tested by PCR. Salmonella serovars were identified according to the presence of specificgenes for Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis and Dublin.  

All samples were tested by PCR were positive. 32 samples were identified as Salmonella Enteritidis (78/04 %), 4 samples were identified as Salmonella Infantis (9/77 %) and 5 samples were identified as Salmonella Dublin (12/19 %).

According to the results, it seems that PCR can be used as a alternative method to the expensive and time consuming biochemical and serological methods for identifying Salmonella serovars. As Salmonella Enteritidis was usually isolated from poultry, isolation from cows may be due to has been used chicken meat powder in diet of the dairy farms.

In this study, the ITS-1 region of ribosomal RNA genes of six bovine Eimeria species: E. alabamensis, E. auburnensis, E. bovis, E. cylindrica, E. ellipsoidalis and E. zuernii analysed by PCR and the results of molecular methods analysed to find any relationship between presence of parasites and diarretic status. Studies were conducted in calves aged less than 3 months for a period of 2 years. During the study period, 160 dung samples were collected from neonatal calves and examined first microscopically and then by molecular techniques. Stools were analyzed for the presence of Eimeria Spp. oocysts by Sheather's Sugar Flotation Solution method. DNA was extracted and PCR were done to identify six cattle-adapted specie (E.alabamensis, E.auburnensis, E.bovis, E.cylindrica, E.ellipsoidalis and E.zuernii). Eimeria spp. infection was detected in 15 (9.37%) of 160 calves without a history of diarrhea infection and pathogenic Eimeria spp. was asymptomatic in all animals that was not positively related to the diarrheic status of the calves (P>0.05). According to microscopic analsis 6 species (E.alabamensis, E.auburnensis, E.bovis, E.canadensis, E.ellipsoidalis, and E. zuernii) identified and with molecular technique 3 species (E.auburnensis, E.bovis, E. zuernii) were detected. Different risk factors were considered to affect the rate of infection of calves with this protozoan parasite. For controlling disease, Immune status of the calves should be improved by providing sufficient amount of colostrum within the first 24 hours after birth and good hygiene as well as reducing and monitoring stress levels caused by weaning, a change in feed and overcrowding.

Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium species based on morphological characteristics is very limited and has no taxonomic value alone, and therefore the use of molecular methods removes these limitations to some extent.

The aim of this study was to determine the predominant Cryptosporidium genotypes in calves with diarrhea.

Study were conducted in calves aged less than 3 months for a period of 2 years. During the study period, 160 dung samples were collected from neonatal calves and examined first microscopically and then by molecular techniques. Stools were analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by Sheather's Sugar Flotation Solution followed by Ziel-Neelsen staining method. DNA of parasite was extracted and multiplex nested-PCR protocol basis on the 18srRNA were done to identify three cattle-adapted species (C. andersoni, C. bovis and C. ryanae) plus the zoonotic species C. parvum.

110 fecal samples were collected from livestock in Alborz province and 50 fecal samples were collected from livestock in Shahroud city. Of the 160 animals examined, 90 were female and 70 were male. In total, out of 160 animals examined, 85 cases (53.12%) had diarrhea, of which 55 cases (34.37%) were positive using Ziel-Neelsen staining. Since all positive cases were related to diarrhea samples and related to calves under one month old, a significant relationship was observed between diarrhea status and the presence of this parasite (p < /em><0.05). In terms of seasonal distribution, no difference was observed in the rate of diarrhea and positive parasitic cases. The presence of 305 bp band in all Ziel-Neelsen positive samples confirmed the presence of C. parvum in all samples.

Neonatal calves are more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium parvum, as confirmed by the present study.

Diarrhea syndrome is associated with irrecoverable damages in the husbandry industry worldwide due to losses resulted from fatality, weight loss, growing weak calves and treatment costs. Hence, investigation of diarrhea causes in different areas is important to attempt management strategies to prevent and control it.

Present study was carried to investigate prevalence of some important entropathogens in diarrheic calves until three months old, in Shahrekord suburb husbandries.

Fecal samples were taken from 82 female calves in first day of diarrhea and were examined for isolation of salmonella, Escherichia coli, clostridium, cryptosporidium, and coccidia through common microbiological and parasitological methods.

In general, prevalence of isolated organisms were: salmonella 36.6%, Escherichia coli 24.4%, clostridium 9.8%, cryptosporidium 9.8%, and coccidian 7.31%, and Escherichia coli K99 were isolated from four calves. The most prevalent pathogens were Escherichia coli and Salmonella.

The calves are unavoidably exposed to infectious causes of diarrhea during their whole lifespan, because they acquire organisms from environment immediately after birth. Therefore, attempts at efficient management methods, hygienic principles and receiving enough colostrum, particularly in cold seasons, may be efficient in the control, prevention and decrease of diarrhea and its subsequent losses.

Calves with failure of passive immunity transfer are susceptible to septicemia and enteric and respiratory disease. Some studies have shown that failure of passive immunity transfer affects animal performance even in older ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the failure of passive immunity transfer in calves in the traditional farms of Neyshabour. For this purpose, in 3th day after birth, blood samples were gathered from 98 calves. The results showed that mean total protein is 6.46 ± 1/06 gr/dl. There was a significant difference in total protein concentration in male and female calves (p=0.004). Serum total protein concentration was less than 5.2 gr/dl only in 6 of calves (6.1%). 5 of them were male (9% of male calves) and only one case (6.2% heifers) was female. The mean serum globulin in examined calves was 3.37 ± 1.12 gr/dl. There was a significant difference in globulin concentration in male and female calves (P=0.006). It indicates that more immunoglobulin absorption has been happened in the female calves. The amount of IgG was classified as 1 (week transfer), 2 (moderate transfer) and 3 (good transfer). Passive transfer was done good in 93.9% calves and the rest of the cases (6.1%) had a moderate passive transfer. There was a significant and high association between total protein and globulin (P0.01, r= 0.968).

Cell therapy and cell culture have received much attention in recent decades. Suitable cell growth requires growth supplements such as fetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is component rich in nutrients, growth factors and supplementary compounds. However, FBS utilization has some limitations including mass production. Therefore, finding alternatives with the same growth promoting effects is inevitable.

This study was designed to compare the effect of bovine platelet lysate (PL) and PRP on different cell lines as a cost effective and available alternative for FBS.

Three conventional cell lines were investigated. Protein pattern of PL and platelet rich plasma (PRP) in comparison to FBS was determined using SDS page electrophoresis, and MTT and plating efficiency of cell lines in presence of PL and PRP were evaluated.

The results demonstrated that platelet rich plasma and platelet lysate could increase cells’ viability similar to FBS. These results were significant in comparison with control group.

It can be concluded that platelet lysate could be a valuable candidate to replace FBS in cell culture techniques, however, more studies should be done to understand its exact efficacy