گیاه مورد

The beans of Prosopis farcta (PFB) have been recognized as a potential food source with health benefits and the ability to improve fatty acid composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PFB on the fatty acid composition of the thigh muscles and the biochemical parameters of the blood in Japanese quail. A total of 78 female Japanese quails were selected and divided into 6 groups. Each group received different diets, including PFB at 2% and 4% levels, or oil at a 0.5% level. After 30 days, blood and tissue samples were collected and sent to the laboratory. Adding PFB powder to the diet resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, and creatinine. The group that received 4% PFB had the highest level of palmitoleic acid and the lowest level of arachidonic acid in their muscles. Additionally, the group that consumed PFB along with oil had lower levels of total cholesterol and other biochemical parameters compared to the other groups. No pathological lesions were observed in the heart, kidneys, or intestines. PFB may help improve the fatty acid composition in the muscles of Japanese quail and could have health benefits, particularly in preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, further research is needed to explore the comprehensive and long-term effects of this food source in Japanese quail and other species.

Due to the prevalence of leishmaniasis in different regions of the world and Iran and considering that pentavalent compounds of antimony have many side effects for the treatment of the disease; the use of medicinal plants has been emphasized. This research was conducted in order to determine the effect of the extract of the medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L on Leishmania major Amastigote in laboratory conditions by colorimetric method.

In this experimental study, Leishmania Major standard strain was cultured in RPMI1640 culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum FBS and penicillin-streptomycin antibiotics and until full growth at 37 degrees temperature and 5% CO2 pressure in the incubator. It was kept in sterile conditions for 3-4 days. Then, in the stationary phase of growth, the effect of different concentrations of lemon balm plant extracts compared to the control drug on Leishmania major amastigote in laboratory conditions was investigated using the MTT colorimetric method.

The percentage of live parasites in the presence of different concentrations of lemon balm extract and effective compounds decreased significantly after different times of parasite culture. The IC50 value of lemon balm extract and effective compounds at different times showed a significant effect in inhibiting Leishmania major.

Nano-scale biological compounds that have unique physical and chemical properties have become effective in recent years. Today, due to the cost of production and compatibility with the environment, the use of extract in the synthesis of nanoparticles has received attention. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from the hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.In this experimental study. First, the hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica nettle extract was prepared, then, by adding silver nitrate salt with a concentration of mM to the extract, the reaction was carried out at room temperature and after the color change of the reaction solution containing nanoparticles, the physical and chemical properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized using From SEM, XRD and UV-vis was studied. Antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles with different concentrations was evaluated by MIC method.The maximum absorption of silver nanoparticles was recorded at a wavelength of nm. The average diameter of the synthesized nanoparticles was the results of the antimicrobial test showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles have a positive effect on both bacteria. The MIC concentration of nanoparticles for Staphylococcus aureus was μg/ml and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa μg/ml.It seems that silver nanoparticles synthesized with the hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica have antibacterial activity and can probably be used as an antimicrobial candidate.

Endophytes are fungi, bacteria, or yeast symbionts that live in the intercellular spaces or vascular tissues of host plants. The Echinophora platyloba endophytes with production of seondray metabolites and compunend has antifungal and antibacterial properties and prolnages the shelf-time food. The present study was designed to isolate and evaluate the effects of Echinophora platyloba bacterial endophytes and their antifungal and antibacterial properties on Streptococcus agalactiae and Cryptococcus neoformans. Plant components were randomly collected from Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, and then cleaned and sterilized. Bacterial endophytes were isolated after culturing plant components in YEA and PA media and the antimicrobial properties of endophytes were investigated by studying structural factors (by chloroform) as well as endophyte metabolites. A total of 12 bacterial endophytes were isolated from different parts of leaves, stems and roots of Echinophora platyloba and showed favorable inhibitory effects on Streptococcus agalactiae and Cryptococcus neoformans. In general, secretory metabolites derived from bacterial endophytes showed stronger inhibitory effects than structural factors against these pathogens. The results of this study indicate the efficacy and potential of Echinophora platyloba bacterial endophytes in inhibiting human pathogens.

Heat stresses have an adverse effect on the oxidative status of the body. In order to investigate the effect of cumin and fennel powder in comparison with monensin on oxidative stress of lambs in heat stress conditions, 15 male lambs were used in a completely randomized design in three groups with five replications. Experimental groups included group one: basis diet, group two: basis diet + 8 g of cumin and fennel powder mixture and group three: basis diet + 30 mg monensin. Blood samples were collected from lambs' vein on day 56 and blood serum antioxidant enzymes and blood parameters were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software. The supplementation of base diet with cumin and fennel powder resulted in a significant increase in the level of glutathione reduction and antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and paraoxonase), but the amount of nitric oxide (inflammation index) and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation index) in the blood serum of lambs decreased significantly. The addition of cumin and fennel powder, similar to monensin, did not significantly affect thyroxine hormone concentration, but significantly reduced the amount of aspartate aminotransferase enzyme in lamb's blood serum. Based on the findings of this study, adding cumin powder and fennel to 8 g/kg DM in the diet of lambs can reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress and improve the antioxidant status of lambs in heat stress conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of Myrtle leaf powder on quantitative and qualitative parameters of sperm, antioxidant capacity of semen plasma, and blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in Arabi ram in non-breeding season. 12 adult Arabic rams were used in 3 experimental treatments with 4 replicates per treatment. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of Myrtle leaf powder (0, 12.5 and 25 g/kg of DM). After 42 days feeding of experimental treatments, semen samples were collected and blood samples were obtained once a week for 4 consecutive weeks and the quantitative and qualitative parameters of sperm and total antioxidant capacity of semen were measured. Also, blood samples were subjected to measure testosterone level and SOD activity. 25 g/kg of myrtle powder had the best effect on improvement the sperm and semen characteristics include the motility (73.88%), viability (74.19%), morphological defects (10%), plasma membrane integrity (43.38%), semen volume (1.91 ml) and spermatozoa concentration (1.39 × 109/ml) as well as increased the seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (109.38 μmol/litr) and blood plasma SOD (500.19 U/ml) (p < 0.05). The blood sera testosterone concentration was not affected by treatments. A positive and significant correlation was found between the TAC and SOD with quantitative and qualitative parameters of sperm in Arabi ram (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the use of Myrtle leaf powder in diet improved reproductive performance, seminal plasma TAC and blood SOD activity in Arabi ram. The best result was obtained from 25 g/kg of this plant.

Nitrite and nitrate are preservatives that have been used in meat products (sausages) and include carcinogenic effects. Natural antimicrobials with plant origin are incorporated into foods in the forms of essential oils or extracts. They can control spoilage bacteria in foodstuffs (e.g., meat products). This work was aimed to evaluate the effect of partial nitrite replacement with Urticadioicaessential oil (UDE) on microbial properties of cooked sausage. Nitrite content (120 ppm) was reduced and replaced with 20, 40, and 60, 80, 100, and 120 ppm of UDE. The effect of UDE on antimicrobial properties of the essential oil was evaluated by MICs determination against Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens by the microdilution method. Results indicated that samples with 20 ppm of nitrite and 100 ppm UDEwerenot significantly samples with control at the end of storage period. The high level of nitrite and nitrate in meat products is worrying. Consequently, Reduction and Replacement of these food additives is essential.in this study, all samples with different essential oil levels were acceptable after 60 days of storage. Replacement of 83 % of nitrite with UDE is a reasonable approach in order to put down the harmful effects of nitrite in sausage and to enhance the functionality of the product.

Cadmium is a heavy metal with toxic effects on various organs, including liver, kidneys and testicles. In the present study, the protective effects of hydro alcoholic extract of sebestan (Cordia myxa) fruit on hepatic functional tests as well as its histological changes following cadmium chloride toxicity were investigated in adult male rats. 48 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 8, as follows: The Control group, the sham group I received 2 mg/kg cadmium chloride, the sham group II received 125 mg/kg hydro alcoholic extract of sebestan fruit, the experimental group I, II and III received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg extract for 21 days respectively followed by 14 days of 2mg/kg cadmium chloride administration. At the end of the 35-day period, blood samples were obtained and used for measuring serum concentrations of ALT, AST and ALP. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS software, and ANOVA and Tukey tests; and P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean serum levels of ALP, ALT and AST showed a significant increase in the sham I compared to the control and the sham II. Conversely, the mean concentrations of ALP, ALT and AST in the experimental group receiving Cordia extract (500 mg/kg) plus cadmium chloride showed a significant decrease relative to the group receiving cadmium chloride alone. It is concluded that Cordia fruit extract has a significant protective effect against liver toxicity induced by cadmium chloride.

The use of medicinal plants has a special importance in medicine because of its therapeutic properties, low side effects, availability, and ease of use. Nettle is a medicinal plant found in most parts of Iran and has unique properties in traditional medicine such as the treatment of anemia. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica leaf on hematological parameters in rats was investigated. For this purpose, 16 rats were studied and divided into two groups of 8 cases. Each rat in the treatment group received 200 mg/kg of aqueous extract of nettle leaf orally for 28 days and blood sampling was performed on days 0 and 28 and hematological parameters were measured and finally, hematological parameters of control rats that did not receive nettle were compared and the obtained parameters were analyzed. The mean cell volume (MCV) was significantly increased in the treatment group (p=0.044), which, along with parameters such as hemoglobin, red blood cell count and hematocrit, showed an increase compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that oral administration of aqueous extract of nettle leaf can have hematopoietic effects on rats.

In order to improve the quality of meat such as tenderness, protein solubility, emulsification and water holding capacity, in the food industries, various methods have been employed. Application of the plant enzymes is considered as one of the most efficient methods for meat tenderization. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics of emulsion type sausage made from tenderized cattle meat by hydro extract of Biarum carduchcorum. The proteolytic activity of the extract was determined using bovine milk casein as substrate. Post rigor thigh meat were tenderized by 100 and 150 enzyme units/ kg of the extract before used for production of sausage. Fresh post rigor thigh meat was used as control. Nitrogen solubility index (NSI), stability of sausage emulsion, texture analysis and organoleptic properties of sausages were determined. Our results showed a significant increase in the NSI of the experimental groups compared with the control (P

Thousands of years before the plants have been used as a wound healing material. Typha angustifolia is native plant in wetland environments such as Khuzestan, Iran. It is available in abundance and extraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Typha angustifolia pollen extract on experimental full thickness wound healing in mice. Thirty six mice were equally divided into 3 groups: the control group of saline, control group of eucerin and the treatment group (eucerin containing pollen extract), respectively. After anesthesia, a piece of 0.5 * 0.5 cm in size of skin was removed from the back of the neck and between the shoulders. The surgical site was treated with topical saline sterile. This treatment procedure was done for all 12 mice in each group and after each group received its specific treatment. Each of the groups was also divided into 3 subgroups (group 7, 14 and 21 days). At the end of each period in each group and after euthanasia of each mouse, wounded skin removed with 0.5 cm of surrounding skin and sent to histopathology laboratory. At the end of the study, mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear, fibroblasts and angiogenesis was lower than other groups in the treatment group (p

The use of medicinal herbs plays a vital role in improving the health of human society. Since the plants are the most important transmission route of heavy metals into human food chain and biological cycles, this study was conducted to assess the health risk of concentration of As and Zn in Shirazi thyme, sweet viola, pennyroyal and jujube marketed in Hamedan City during 2015. After preparation of 3 samples of each medicinal plant, the samples were digested in acid according to the standard methods. The concentration of each element in the samples was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in 3 replicates. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package. The results showed that the maximum mean concentrations of As and Zn were 0.035±0.026 and 1880±520 µg/kg related to thyme and viola, respectively. The results of health index for all samples were found lower than one. Moreover, the mean concentration of As and Zn in all samples were lower than WHO permissible limits. Although controlled consumption of medicinal plants has not adverse effect on the consumers’ health, concerning to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the long-term, regular periodic monitoring of chemical pollutants content especially heavy metals in medicinal plants are recommended for food safety.

The present study investigated the effects of Myrtus communis and Ferula assafoetida extracts on percentage of hatching and survival rate in the early growth stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae compared with malachite green (MG). This study was carried out in Dalkhan propagation and cultivation farm, in Sepidan, Shiraz. To assess the percentage of hatching and survival rate in the early growth stage, Myrtus communis was used at 400 mg/L and Ferula assafoetida at 40 mg/L for 30 minutes per day and MG as the positive control at 2 mg/L for 20 minutes per day. Normal control without any treatment was also included. Each treatment trial was provided in three replicates. The obtained results showed that the mortality level in normal control was significantly higher than other groups in the hatching stage (p0.05). In addition, the mortality rate of the produced larvae was significantly higher in both Ferula assafoetida group and normal control groups than other two groups (p

In this experiment the effects of Camellia sinensis as a phytobiotic on the immunity factors of the Cyprinus carpio was examined. For this purpose 360 juvenile Cyprinus carpio with the average weight of 22± 1g were selected and after being adapted to the environment the fish were stored in 12 tanks (30 fish in each tank). The Camellia sinensis was added to the diet in three levels 1.5% (treatment 2) 3% (treatment 3) and 5% (treatment 4) and the diet without Camellia sinensis was used for the control group (treatment 1). Each treatment was recurred 3 times a day. The fish were fed 3% of their weight. At the end of the 45 day treatment period, 15 fish were randomly selected from each treatment and their blood sample was taken from the caudal vein. The immunity factors including differential white blood cell count, total protein, immunoglobulin M (IgM) serum, albumin and lysozyme were analyzed and the results showed that the lysozyme activity had Significantly difference in compared with control treatment (P0.05). In general that prescribing Camellia sinensis at 1.5% level orally stimulates some non-specific blood and immune factors and it can be used as the immunity stimulant for the juvenile Cyprinus carpio.

Thyme is a herb with effects on the respiratory system. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of thyme essence on trachea, humoral immunity, and the performance of broilers following LaSota vaccination. In this study, 300 Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided into 3 groups of 100 chicken. The first group received 50 ppm thyme essence 2 days prior to and after LaSota vaccination. In the second group only LaSota vaccine was used, and in the third group B1 vaccine was used to compare its severity to the LaSota vaccine. Finally at the end of production period (42 days) samples were taken from trachea for histopathology and also titer of Newcastle vaccine and the performance of chicks were investigated. Results of this study showed that thyme essence decreased histopathologic changes due to vaccination reaction in the trachea. Histopathologic alteration was not observed in B1 vaccination group. In view of feed conversion ratio, feed consumption and final body weight in thyme group there was significant improvement in comparison to LaSota group (p<0.05). But use of thyme essence did not have any effect on titer of LaSota vaccine, although mean antibody titer in B1 vaccine group was significantly lower than the other two groups (p<0.05). Based on the results of our study, thyme essence improved the performance of broiler chicks and decreased hemorrhage, necrosis, and edema of the trachea due to LaSota vaccine reaction.

Medical plants have been recently used to treat diabetes. Osteoporosis is one of diabetes side effects and increases the risk of bone fracture in diabetic patient. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential bone protective effects of O.persica ethanolic extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty male rats were randomly divided into five equal groups and treated as follows: group 1 (control); group 2 (STZ group): received STZ 50 mg/kg by a single IP injection; groups 3, 4 and 5 treated with STZ as above+ 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg of O. persica extract per day by oral gavage, respectively. On day 29, serum taken for glucose level measurement and left femoral and tibio-fibular bones were dissected for histomorphometric study, while L4 vertebrate were removed for determination of ash weight. 300mg/kg of extract reduced serum glucose levels. Epiphyseal and metaphyseal Trabecular thickness as well as epiphyseal bone area/tissue area significantly decreased in STZ group. O. persica extract at the dosage of 200 mg/kg reversed all these parameters to the control level. No significant difference observed in osteoid thickness among different groups. Ash weight of L4 vertebrate in rats treated with 300 and 450 mg/kg of extract was significantly lower than other groups. The results show that ethanolic extract of O. persica has bone protective effects in STZ-treated rats.

The goal of this research is to see how barley grains affect the development of lung tissues in the embryo of diabetic albino rats. An empirical study was done on 60 albino rats in four groups: 1. Control, 2. Healthy barely diet, 3. Diabetic normal food, 4. Diabetic barely diet. A peritoneal injection of streptozotocin was used to develop diabetes in the rats. In the 21st day of pregnancy the embryos were removed from the uterine horns, weighed and measured from head to tail. After tissue processing, H&E staining was done and the embryos’ lung tissues were analyzed using an optical microscope. The diabetic normal food group showed less development in bronchioles, alveoli and pneumocyte compared to the control group and had hyperemic vessels and the most inflamed alveolar interstitial tissue. The diabetic barely group had more developed bronchioles, alveoli and pneumocyte compared to the diabetic normal food group. This group has fewer hyperemic vessels and inflamed alveolar interstitial tissue compared to the diabetic normal food group. The embryos in the diabetic normal food increased in weight while the diabetic barely group had a slight decrease in weight.However, the decrease in weight was not significant. The head to tail length of the embryos in the diabetic normal food decreased compared to the control group and barely had no effect on the head to tail length in the diabetic barely group. It seems that barely is beneficial on the development of lung tissues in the embryo of diabetic albino rats. Barely can regulate the excess weight caused by diabetes to some extent; however, it has no effect on the reduction of head to tail length caused by high glucose.

Diabetes mellitus is a constellation of metabolic disorders that increase blood glucose and factors such as genetics, environmental factors, life-style habits that are involved in creating. In this study, to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of purslane on diabetic rats, 36 adult male Wistar rats were used in six groups, respectively, including healthy controls, diabetic with streptozotocin, diabetic with streptozotocin and treated with Purslane extract (200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks (T1), diabetic with streptozotocin and treated with Purslane extract (400 mg/kg) for 4 weeks (T2), treatment with Purslane extract (200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks thereafter induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (T3), treatment with Purslane extract (400 mg/kg) for 4 weeks and then inducing diabetes with streptozotocin (T4). Blood glucose was measured at the end of each week. At the end of experiment, all rats were euthanized, and pancreas tissue samples were placed in 10% buffered formalin and referred to pathology laboratory for histopathology slides preparation. Histopathological findings demonstrated islet cell necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in diabetic rats. Purslane extract-treated groups showed significant reduction in the severity of the injuries. This reduction was greater in T3 and T4 groups compared to others. The results obtained showed anti-diabetic activities of purslane extract which is probably related to its antioxidant properties.