سرمایه اجتماعی

The purpose of this article is to explain the role of ombudsman as an extrajudicial institution in improving and promoting social capital through a descriptiveanalytical method using library resources and studies and researches. In the legal systems of many countries, ombudsman is one of the most impor tant extra-judicial mechanisms to handle the complaints of citizens and individuals against government departments and public institutions. The Objections of judicial proceedings such as the lengthy process, cost, complexity, and inflexibility of this approach have led to a tendency to be nonjudicial and thus to the development of the ombudsman. In addition, other capabilities of the ombudsman, such as conducting planned supervision and inspections and providing recommendations and solutions with the goals of preventing corruption, enforcing citizen rights, improving processes and enhancing the efficiency of executive bodies increase public satisfaction and trust in office systems and greater public participation. This institution can be effective in creating a better relationship between people and the administrative bodies. Also, it can contribute to the improvement and enhancement of social capital that has dierct relation with quality of communication, participation and people ,s trust in each other and sovereignty.

Corruption vastly threatens political and administrative systems. More important is the issue of the very serious and direct bond between administrative corruption and the effectiveness and efficiency of the political systems. Therefore, controlling and removing administrative corruption have turned into the major priorities of governments and rulings systems. In this paper, the author not only offers some preparatory discussions related to the importance of fighting corruption, but also introduces the indicators of measuring administrative corruption. Also, the national and international indicators employed by national and international organizations involved are mentioned. Furthermore, the cultural factors as well as the importance of adopting a social approach for coming up with the proper indicators of corruption as a sociological paradigm are looked into. Hence, the goal of this paper is to expound the indicators presented and to prove role of social indicators in this regard and to help the preparation of inter-field indicators for measuring corruption and the trends existing. The current paper has been prepared with a mind to inter-field studies

In today’s world and especially in developing countries, administrative corruption is a phenomenon that is known as a one of the foremost factors impeding the progress of the society. Administrative corruption is part of the issues that organizations inevitably experience throughout their lives. These issues refer to the problems whose roots mostly lie out of the organization but their impacts affect the organization. Regarding combating corruption, there are two types of basic theories revolving around these issues, those of the optimists and those of the pessimists. The first type theories consider any kind of action and initiative for ending administrative corruption as futile and the second type theories are of the belief that corruption may be lessened just like many pother existing phenomena in the society as the result of a process and through collective wisdom, institutional initiatives, gradual change in the economic and cultural structures of the society as well as changes in the social capital.In order to eliminate or alleviate this sinister phenomenon we need programs whose objective is to prevent of administrative corruption instead of fighting it through designing punitive procedures that aim to combat administrative corruption after it has occurred. It is said and believed in the medical world that, “prevention is better than the cure” and that prevention can get us to our destination cheaper and faster. Here, we would like to reiterate that reinforcing social capitals has the capacity to prevent many of the currents tinged with administrative corruption from happening. Therefore in this paper, the second method (prevention) is delved into.In every society, social capital is necessary for any activity. The most important social capital is winning the trust of others that allows us to obtain what we can’t achieve ourselves in a more efficient way and with less trouble. This shows the value of consistent cooperation in society. With the loss of social capital, public trust is lost too, therefore no cooperation results for fighting corruption