Design of an Energy Efficient routing protocol for acoustic underwater networks

Different fromterrestrial WSNs, the Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network shave many uniquecharacteristics,such ashigherdynamictopology and sparse node density.UASN are affected by ambientenvironmental conditions leading toTransmission loss, Noise, Multi path, Doppler spread and largeand variablePropagation delays intransmissions.Furthermore,Low bandwidth,leading to greater bit-error rates (BER).Nodes are mostly battery powered and it is difficult to replenish their supply.Considering that our country has a wide sea borders on the Persian Gulf region and this region is of particular economic and military conditions,research in this area is so important.The fundamentaldifferences between underwater acoustic propagation andterrestrial radio propagation call for new criteria forthe design of routing protocols.The objective of this paper,is to identify issuesrelated to the underwater environment, to provide the appropriate routing protocols forrelevant networks.