Learning and generalization of the errorless and error full practice in girls 10 to 12 years

The present study was aimed at investigating the number of errors made during learning a motor skill, putting the soccer ball, to create different type of learning (implicit learning vs. explicit learning). For this purpose, 10-12 year-old female children trained in three groups of 12 of errorless, error full and variable practice that performed 8 blocks of 25 trials for 8 different distances. Then, the subjects were asked to report each technique that they have used to perform the task successfully. Their performance was evaluated a week later in retention, dual transfer and novel distance transfer tests using absolute and variable error. There was a statistically significant improvement in the acquisition phase for each group (P=0.001); however, errorless group had lower error (P=0.001), also the number of rules reported after training was significantly lower than the two other groups (P=0.001). The results of retention and dual transfer test showed better performance (namely less absolute and variable error) for the errorless group than the other groups (P=0.001); however, the variable practice group in the novel distance transfer test had less absolute and variable error (P=0.001) and therefore better performance. Findings concluded that the reduction of errors during practice leads to implicit learning of putting soccer in female young children, and this type of learning compared with explicit learning under conditions of disorder (dual task) remains stable, but the generalization and skill transfer to novel conditions is better in explicit learning.