Eulerian-Eulerian description of water flow in a backward-facing step with nanofluid blowing

This paper deals with water flow in a backward-facing step with blowing of different nanofluids. The objective is to evaluate the effect of nanofluid blowing on the heat transfer rate. For this purpose, the Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase model is employed. The accuracy of the current simulations is demonstrated by comparing the obtained results with those of open literature. The results show that increasing the nanofluid blowing as well as nanoparticles fraction therein improve heat exchange from different surfaces of the channel. Comparing the results of different nanofluids leads one to conclude that the bottom wall heat transfer attains its maximum value when the blowed nanofluid contains nanoparticles with the highest thermal conductivity. However, it is found that maximum heat transfer in the top wall is achieved during blowing of a nanofluid with the highest nanoparticle penetration into the channel flow. Moreover, it is observed that discrepancies appearing between the results of different nanofluids become more remarkable as one increases the nanofluid blowing or nanoparticles fraction therein. Finally, the Eulerian-Eulerian model demonstrates that among the interphase forces, the effects of virtual mass and particle-particle interaction forces are negligible in such a way that they can be ignored.