The Effect of Textbook Content and Self-Leadership on Employment Hope in Business Management Students: The Intermediary Role of Self-Efficacy and Self-Determination

Employment hope has been an important issue in recent years due to the economic conditions of the country, the growing number of universities, and the development of higher education. Therefore, this research, with an aim to study the internal and external forces that affect employment hope, analyzes the effect of textbook content and self-leadership on employment hope independently and also in terms of intermediary variables of self-efficacy and self-determination. The population of study consists of 3rd and 4th year students of Business Management through all the universities of Iran. Thus, this study is descriptive, survey-oriented, and questionnaire-based respectively in terms of research objective, research strategies, and data gathering. In order to measure the effect of independent variable on the dependent one, the questionnaires were distributed through personal and internet media to 450 students who were selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling method, and finally, 402 properly and completely answered questionnaires were gathered and analyzed. Data analysis, carried out by structural equations and Smart PLS2 software, showed that textbook content and self-leadership were effective on employment hope both independently and with the intermediary effects of self-efficacy and self-determination. All the hypotheses of the research were positively supported.