Energy Management of Intelligent Parking lot in a Microgrid Considering the Effects of Demand Response Program

Nowadays, because of distributed generation sources development in power networks and with the increase of electric vehicles (EVs) utilization, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions as well as fossil fuel consumption have been reduced. Integrations of distributed generation sources and EVs parking lot without technical planning will follow some economic problems for the owner of parking lot and some technical problems for the operators of distribution network. In this paper, energy management for a microgrid (MG) (intelligent parking lot) has been provided, which includes renewable energy sources (RESs) containing wind turbines (WT) and photovoltaic systems (PV) and local dispatchable generators (LDG) including micro-turbines (MTs) and fuel cell (FC). In this paper, optimal operation of intelligent parking lot (IPL) with the aim of cost reduction has been done, which plays the role of load as well as energy generation source for the distribution network. Time of use (TOU) rates of the demand response program (DRP) is used to reduce the costs. This program reduces the cost by shifting the percentages of load from peak periods to off-peak periods and flattening load curve. The objective function includes minimizing the operation cost of upstream grid (UG), LDGs and IPL with considering technical and physical constraints of these units. The proposed model is formulated as mixed integer linear programming (MIP) and has been solved using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software. The proposed model is studied on a test system in simulation section and the positive effects of demand response program indicate cost reduction.