Effect of different levels of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed hydroalcoholic extract on growth performance, blood lipids and intestinal bacterial populations of Japanese quail
Message:
Abstract:
Introduction
Medicinal plants can be used as a natural non-antibiotic growth promoters in broilers (Mohiti-Asli et al. 2010). Herbs and medicinal plants could have various advantages including simple usage, lack of negative side effects on animal performance and without harmful residue in animal products (Shokoohmand 2008). Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) belongs to umbelliferous and has medicinal properties which reduce blood triglycerides and cholesterol. This herb contains sterols, saponins, glycosinolate, sulfur-containing glycosides, indole, terpenoids, isothiocyanate and secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds including tannins and flavonoids (Dannehl et al. 2012). Research has shown garden cress increased HDL-cholesterol and decreased LDL-cholesterol in serum of mice and humans (Chauhan et al. 2012; Moghimi 1982), reduced cholesterol concentration and LDL and VLDL-cholesterol in serum of rabbit (Salih 1994; Lathaa, et al. 2011). Supplementation of garden cress to laying hens diet improved feed conversion ratio and egg production (Al-Taee 2013).
Material and
Methods
An experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design using 280 day-old quail chicks (mixed sex) with 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 14 quail chicks in each replicate from 1 to 42 days. The experimental treatments were included control (without extract) and levels of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 ml of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed extract per one liter of drinking water. Diet were formulated to meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as indicated in standard tables (NRC, 1994). Quails in each replicate were weighed by week and feed intake was determined at the end of each week. From these data, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were calculated. On day 42 of experiment, two birds (one male and one female) from each replicate were selected then weighed, were killed and carcass yield and carcass components including breast, thighs, wings, abdominal fat, fat around neck, and bursa of Fabricius were weighed using a digital scale and their relative weight to body weight were calculated. To determine ileal microbial population of quails, after opening the abdominal cavity, ileum region between Meckel’s diverticulum and ileocecal junction separated by a sterilized scissor, about two cm of the ileum were transferred into sterile microtubes and were stored at -20 C until study E. coli, lactobacillus and coliform microbial populations (Roostaei-Ali Mehr et al. 2014). Eosin methylene blue agar medium (Merck, Germany) was used to culture E. coli, for the cultivation of coliforms from the MacConkey agar (Merck, Germany) and lactobacillus cultures from the MRS (Merck, Germany) were used. To study the blood metabolites, on day 42, blood samples were taken from wing vein of two quails from each replicate (one male and one female) and then sera were separated to measure cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol using enzymatic kits via colorimetric method.
Results And Discussion
In this study, using garden cress seed extract in drinking water had not any significant effect on feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency of Japanese quail (P>0.05; Table 2). It is reported that 1 and 2 % inclusion rate of garden cress in broiler diets had no significant effect on feed intake (Al-Taee 2013; Salih 1994). Several factors influence on feed intake such as physical characteristics, viscosity, saliva production, the nutritional value of feed, feed particle size depends on the interaction between components (Blair 2008). The results showed that carcass and carcass components except thighs were not affected by any treatments at 42 day of age (Table 3). Researchers reported that supplementation of fennel seeds in broiler diets did not affect carcass characteristics and weights of liver, spleen, exchange, heart and abdominal fat (Soltan et al. 2008). Similarly, adding mint to broiler diets did not affect the relative weights of organs (Ocak et al. 2008). The results of relative length of different parts of small intestine at day 42 showed that consumption of garden cress seed extract via drinking water had a significant impact on the relative length of the intestinal segments (Table 4). It has been reported that the addition of mint essential oil in broiler diets, the weight of the small intestine and colon were not affected (Hernandez 2004). Results of a study on the effects of mint, thyme and chicory herbs in diets on jejunum and ileum histology of broiler chickens showed no significant effect on villi length, crypt depth, and villi length to crypt depth ratio (Poursina et al. 2014). Any levels of garden cress extract had significant effect on the population of E. coli and coliforms in ileum (P>0.05). However, the number of Lactobacillus affected by different treatments (P0.05). It has been reported that using the cress seed essential oil in mice reduced blood triglycerides, however did not affect HDL-cholesterol (Diwakar et al. 2010). Using garden cress leaves in amount 50 grams per day in humans can reduce LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride is (Moghimi 1982). Reasons for lack of effect of the cress seed extract on lipid quail can related to type of extract, form of use, animal species or insufficient dose of it.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the use of garden cress seed hydro-alcoholic extract had not any significant effect on performance (daily feed intake, daily weight gain and FCR), carcass traits, intestinal length and serum lipids of Japanese quail. Effect of cress seed hydro-alcoholic extract on E.coli and coliform bacteria was not significant, however supplementation of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 ml of the extract in Japanese quail increased intestinal lactobacilli count.
Language:
Persian
Published:
Journal of Animal Science Research, Volume:27 Issue: 1, 2017
Pages:
29 to 39
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