Injection of twin oblique nanofluid jets into a water cross-flow: An Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase analysis

This paper deals with the injection of twin oblique nanofluid jets into a channel with water cross-flow. In this regard, the effects of different geometric and physical parameters including the velocity, distance, and angles of the jets as well as the nanoparticles volume fraction therein are studied. The Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase model is employed to analyze the present problem. By solving separate equation sets for water and the nanoparticles, this approach provides the possibility of behavior prediction for each of the phases inside the flow field, separately. The accuracy of the current simulations is confirmed by comparing the obtained results with available experimental data. The results show that replacement of a single jet with twin jets increases the heat exchange from the target surface and makes its distribution more uniform along the surface. In addition, it is found that rise in the velocity and distance of the jets leads to heat transfer improvement. However, the effect of the nanoparticles volume fraction in the injected nanofluid on the heat transfer rate of the target surface is strongly dependent to the nanoparticles penetration into the water cross-flow. Closer scrutiny of the results reveals that the injection angles of the twin jets play an important role in the nanoparticles penetration as well as their distribution pattern inside the flow field and thereby, by adjusting these angles, the heat exchange from the target surface can be improved.