Stochastic Energy Scheduling in a Microgrid with Renewables and Electric Vehicles

The penetration level of distributed generation (DG) units in distribution system has rapidly increased in recent years. Due to the environmental concerns, interest has also grown in utilizing electric vehicles (EV) in the transportation sector, which would also result in increased electricity demand; however, modern electric vehicles can be used as energy storage units in V2G (vehicle-to-grid) operation mode. In this paper, the day-ahead energy scheduling of a microgrid consisting of a set of distributed generation units and electric vehicles has been studied. To this end, considering the uncertainty of photovoltaic outputs, a two-stage mixed-integer stochastic programming framework has been developed. The microgrid operator, using the proposed method, is able to fix some decisions optimally in a way that minimize the expected operating costs, while the accurate amount of uncertain parameters will be revealed later. The proposed day-ahead optimization has been implemented in GAMS and the results have been analyzed in a case study situation.