A Civilizational Reading of Christian and Islamic Theology with Emphasis on Monism and Pluralism

How theology has influenced civilizations, the issue of theological basics in two monist and pluralist aspects, as well as how it has influenced the orientations of Islamic and Western civilizations are profound investigable issues. The civilization reading of Christian theology and particularly Protestant theology versus Islamic theology, and specifically Islamic traditionalism as well as influences of these two types of theology and their effects on the two Islamic and Western civilizations in the postmodern era is the main problem of the present study which is conducted with descriptive and comparative method.
Exclusivism, religious relativism, Religious Pluralism, inclusivism, is the branches of Christian theology that has been civilizational reading. On the other hand, it is traditionalism, relativism, and monotheism, Islamic theology that has been civilizational reading.
As the results indicted, in spite of the fact that there are monist and pluralist aspects in both theologies, pluralism is dominant in Christian theology and monism is prevalent in Islamic theology. Since Renaissance, Christian theology has faced pluralism and by Christianity’s ideologiation, religious pluralism has played the role of legitimation in the advent of postmodernism.
On the other hand, Islamic theology has been based on monist attitudes from the beginning. In fact, despite the advent of traditionalism and intellectualism, it has kept its monist nature. Eventually, based on the issues discussed in this paper, Islamic civilization and Western civilization, at the level of ontological foundations, have very few points of interaction and dialogue, but at the level of methodology and epistemology, Islamic civilization is the relative ability of dialogue and interaction with other civilizations.