The Impact of Border Markets on Political-Spatial Development Rural Settlements in Frontier Areas Case Study: Bashmaq Border of Marivan

Border areas are often recognized as undeveloped regions, and the borderline between the two countries forms the basis for the unbalanced development of regions and border villages (Jones, 1994: 259). In these areas, the lack of diversity in the economic and job opportunities, especially for the manpower, is rising (Hosseini, 2014: 20). In order to overcome these problems, the advancement and movement toward the rural development of these areas, focusing on trade exchanges and creating border markets can act as an economic gateway and a good incentive to increase official exchanges, flourish relative benefits, and expand cooperation. Developing inter-regional markets, fixing prices, orienting trade profits, increasing employment and prosperity for rural communities. (Kamran, 2010: 13, Zarghani, 2012: 2). From distant past, the boarder areas due to potential disabilities, were considered as isolated and deprived areas. Therefore, the cities in these areas are very limited and have a low development. But with the globalization of industry, commerce, financial affairs and changes in the international system, geostrategic thoughts focused on the economic geographic boundaries of the borders. So that changes in the boundary functions and attitudes towards it, as an economic opportunity from the ruling political systems, have led to an increase in population in the border regions and new conditions have emerged. This new condition forced the center to revise its relationship with the periphery.
(Pena, 2005). Boundaries also have connectivity and linking functions. This means that residents of the border regions can take advantage of the differences between neighboring countries and expand the range of economic, social and cultural cross-border activities. There are excellent conditions for the formation of such relationships where ethnic minorities are familiar with language and culture across the border (Wasti-Walter, 2009).
Methods and Material: In the present study, 360 samples were obtained, A personal interview was also conducted with 30 sample individuals to complete the findings. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, chi-square test and ANOVA test were used in SPSS software., as well as for spatial analysis and map generation based on statistical data, low/lot clustering methods, spatial autocorrelation, analysis of hot spots and IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) in the GIS software is used.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of border markets on the promotion of spatial political indicators in the rural areas of the border areas in the districts of Khav and Mirabad, Zarivar and Sarkul in the city of Marivan. In this regard, there were some questions that the research findings responded to.
According to the findings of the research and interviews, border markets have had a positive impact on the improvement of the Spatial physical condition, particularly in terms of improving the transportation network, telecommunications network, shops and stores in the border area. Which is consistent with the findings of Reza Ghaderi et al (2012), Sirwan Abdolzadeh (2013) and Fakhr Fatemi (2004). But they did not have much impact on rural construction In other words, they have not been able to perform well on the status of the construction of rural areas of the frontier. According to the findings and interviews with rural people, the villages in the middle distance from the border (15-5 km) have more influence on the boundaries of the markets in terms of spatial-physical characteristics. Near-frontier villages (0-5 km), despite being far away from the border and border markets, do not have such a positive effect on border markets in physical spatial indices.

According to field observations and interviews with rural people, in villages near the border, there is no proper communication roads. In distant villages (15-25km), due to distance from the border, less influence is obtained from border markets in terms of physical spatial indices In the context of political security indicators, border laws and regulations have had a negative effect on the employment of rural people. Border markets have also played a significant role in the political, cultural and economic ties between the two Kurdish provinces. Villages near the border (5-0 kilometers) are more dissatisfied with the political situation in the border markets. In other words, according to the findings of the research and the findings of the researcher, the political security situation in the near-border villages in the last few years has caused most people to lose their jobs, as well as many rural youths in this regard have lost their lives.
In general, border markets can also have an impact on the economies of the rural areas and will prevent the migration and evacuation of villages. In the end, for the expansion of economic and commercial activities, in particular the enhancement of trade exchanges, as well as the.