A Comparative Study between Place and out of Place Concepts in City Social Development with an Environmental Psychology Approach

The aim of environmental design is the creation of places. But in the meantime, "out of places" is also important. With this starting point, questions are asked about the definition, recognition, foundation, and location of places and outside them, so that identifying and explaining the imagination of the place would be at the top of the affair. Are only "places" booming, or "out of places" are also dynamic and refreshing? In this study in order to find an answer, the two seemingly distinct concept of "place" and "out of place" in the city are compared in a comparative perspective of environmental psychology. In this context, the physical image, activities and meanings are raw materials of the place identity and the dialectics between them is the structural relationship between this identity, which is sometimes felt to occur in "out of places." In this research, applying qualitative content analysis methods and by through analyzing the data extracted by the field studies method, the concept of place in the city is discussed in order to identify its constituent criteria. These criteria are used to evaluate "out of place" in the city to answer the question why "out of places" in the city are sometimes as important as "places". The results of this study, which are mainly based on the qualitative content analysis method, show that efforts to remove "out-of-place" phenomena in cities are not completely positive.