Explaining the Designated and the Criterion of Truth of Primary Premises; a Comparative Study of the Viewpoint of Ayatollah Misbah and that of the Ancient Thinkers

Primary Premises, as a basis of human knowledge, has always been a matter of interest for epistemologists. The central point in such propositions is their criterion of truth. The "cross reference of primary premises to knowledge by presence" is a special theory in this respect. Ayatollah Misbah, the founder of this theory, states that we should look for the criterion of truth of primary premises in an immediate command of their designator, designated and designation. In contrast, some scholars believe that, if the subject in a primary premise has an instance in its compatible reality, then, the primary premises will also represent that instance in the real world. Accordingly, we cannot cross reference the designated to knowledge by presence, because the outside world can never be immediately present before us. But by analyzing primary premises, we realize that they do not designate, in any way, their actualized instances in the real world, or any non-conditional reality, which exists among the instances. In the midst of such ambiguity, Ayatollah Misbah invites us to a new theory. He believes that, we should not look for the designated of primary premises in the concept's representation of the real world, rather we should look for them in their hypothetical representation of the real world.