Paternal Adaptation and Affecting Factors in Men: A Meta-Synthesis

Background and Few studies have been carried out on paternal adaptation and there is no comprehensive definition and theory about paternal adaptation in men. This study aimed to extract the concept of paternal adaptation in men and factors affecting it based on qualitative research conducted on paternal experiences. This research was a systematic review and meta-synthesis, including 10 articles, that combined the findings of qualitative research related to men`s experiences of transition to fatherhood, using meta-ethnographic method. Findings of this study were categorized into three themes including representations and signs of paternal adaptation, paternal adaptation facilitators and paternal adaptation obstacles. Based on the study findings, parental satisfaction, understanding paternal transition and development, being capable of fulfilling paternal responsibilities, and being capable of handling the current situation were found to be the representations and signs of paternal adaptation. Adaptation facilitators included attempt to manage present situation, cooperation in the child rearing, time lapse, use of educational resources, readiness to become a parent, utilization of support resources, and parental leave. On the other hand, adaptation obstacles were found to be as follows: damaged parental relationship, paternal role ambiguity, expectations above the father's abilities, lack of time for oneself, damaged marital relationship, occupational concerns, insufficient social support, false myths and misbeliefs, and financial problems. Based on the findings of the current study, enhancing fathers' parenting knowledge and skills, creating educational opportunities, supplying support resources, preparing the setting for father`s continued presence and participation in the family, and offering paternal models to the society may facilitate fathers' paternal adaptation