A review of highly pathogenic avian influenza in non-waterfowl wild bird

Every year, the outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza occurs when migratory birds migrate to different countries.. Because of high economic losses and its effects on public health, increase in the outbreaks of this disease,have increased concern in global societies.Most of the non-waterfowl wild bird Species are susceptible to HPAI and for various reasons, including free-range flying, contact with domestic poultry and in some cases contact with industrial poultries, migrating some species and moving between different countries, international trade, in some cases smuggling of them, andclose contact with humans because of their maintenance as entertainment or as games bird, they arepotentialy important in the ecology HPAI viruses. Most reports of this disease in the nonwaterfowl wild birds are the H5N1 subtype. The least susceptibility to HPAI viruses has been observed in the pigeon and starling spicies, and probably these spicieshavethe least role in the epidemiology of these viruses. While other Passeriformes, Falconiformes and parrots are highly susceptible to HPAI. In the most reported outbreaks in the Falconiformes and crows, the main causes of the infection were using the carcasses of the affected birds or contact with them. The main cause of the susceptibility of these birds to the influenza viruses is the presences of the alpha 2 and 3 sialic acid receptors in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of them. The most common signs that observed in these birds are neurologic signs and the highest viral concentration has been observed in the brain.Due to the susceptibility of non-waterfowl wild birds, and the large number of these birds and the close contact between migratory birds with domestic and industrial birds and the possibility of transmission of infection to other birds and humans, these birds should be considered in the designing of influenza surveillance programs and in the outbreaks of HPAI.