Developmental changes of Huduth and Qidam Proof in Imamiyya Theology from the Late School of Baghdad to the early School of Ḥilla

Huduth and qidam proof is of those ancient ones for the existence of God used by Imamiyya theologians.
Different versions of the argument presented by Imamiyya theologians in various eras and schools caused important and considerable developmental changes in the history of the proof. Such evolution in Imamiyya kalām has not been the subject of researches so far. In the present article, having disc ussed different versions and changes of the argument presented in Imamiyya theology from the late school of Baghdad to the early school of Ḥilla, illustrated the evolution of the argument in the period. As it shows, there may be found two different versions of the argument in the late school of Baghdad as well as three diversified versions in the early school of Ḥilla which made changes and evolution in the argument.