Induced effects of acute exposure of chemogenic and biosynthetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles on alteration of haematological, biochemical and immune indices in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Based on the various applicants of iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite, Fe3O4-NPs) and their final entrance to aquatic ecosystems, the present study was conducted to investigate impacts of acute exposure (96 hours) of chemogenic Fe3O4-NPs (concentrations of 10, 100, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/L) and Bio-Fe3O4-NPs (500.1000 mg/L) were biosynthesized by algae Ulva prolifera to changes in hematological indices including total and differential count of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC indices including MCV, MCH and MCHC, biochemical parameters including glucose and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and immune responses including nitroblutterazolium (NBT) test in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (average weight of 10.04±1.83g) compared to the control group (without NPs). The results showed that, despite the no acute toxicity of both types of magnetite nanoparticles in common carp, with increasing concentrations of Fe3O4-NPs and Bio-Fe3O4-NPs, a significant increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC, WBC (chemical type), glucose, and ALP, and a significant decrease in MCV and MCH were observed, while RBC was introduced as the most effective marker (rc = 0.952, rb = 0.982, P<0.00001). However, at the same concentrations, the intensity of the changes in the indices in the exposed group to Bio-Fe3O4-NPs was lower than Fe3O4-NPs, which is probably due to differences in nature, synthesizing method and biocompatibility potential of Bio-Fe3O4-NPs.