Public enforcement of Islāmic penalties (Ḥudūd) in terms of jurisprudence and law

The Qur’ānic verse (24: 2) indicates that the Ḥadd penalty for adultery should be executed publicly. However, there is a controversy over its generalization to other offenses. Given the doubling of public punishment, the principle of non-authority, and the lack of sufficient reason, it can be said that public enforcement of hadd (PEoH) is devoted to adultery. Also, regarding adultery, the doctrine of the preferability of the presence of people during the execution of the penalty can be the basis of legislation. In addition, on the necessity of the presence of people, their presence has to be limited to the minimum. Promulgation and publicizing the execution of the penalty is not supported by any legal evidence. The New Iranian Islamic Penal Code, based on the necessity of narrow interpretation, is more consistent with the illegality of PEoH. The legislator, along with mentioning the publicity of the penalty enforcement in the previous provisions and neglecting it in the current Penal Code has intended to declare its opposition to the doctrine of PEoH.