Macronutrient intake and physical activity levels in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome: An observational study in an urban population

We aimed to compare dietary macronutrient intake and physical activity level (PAL) between community-based samples of Iranian adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS+) and without metabolic syndrome (MetS-). This cross-sectional study was conducted among 3800 men and women aged
35-65 years. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used to define MetS. A 24-hour recall was used to evaluate dietary intake. The James and Schofield human energy requirements equations were used to calculate PAL and questions were categorized into time spent on activities during work (including housework), during non-work time, and in bed. The mean ± standard deviation (SD)age of the MetS+ and MetS- subjects was, respectively, 48.8 ± 7.8 years (521 men and 1178 women) and 47.6 ± 7.5 years (714 men and 1222 women) (P = 0.93). The mean energy intake was higher in the MetS+ men compared with MetS- men (1977.4 ± 26.6 vs. 1812.7 ± 21.7 Kcal; P < 0.001). Crude and energy-adjusted intake from total fat was lower in MetS+ women compared with MetS- women (both P < 0.01). PALs were lower in MetS+ compared with MetS- participants (P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, no significant association was observed between the intake of individual macronutrients and MetS. In contrast, PAL was inversely associated with the incidence of MetS (OR = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.17-0.57]; P < 0.001). In the current study, there was an inverse relationship between PAL and the risk of MetS, but no association between individual dietary macronutrients intake and the incidence of MetS.