The Impact of Environmental Qualities on Perceived Security of Residents, With an Emphasis on CPTED's First and Second Generation Components (Case Study: Sanandaj old Texture)

Having a sense of security as one of the obvious human needs has been endorsed and accepted by many international organizations and has led their attention toward ways of promoting it, especially in the public space of cities. Urban planners are trying to restore this important quality to the urban environment through optimal design and reduce the possibility of crime and delinquency in public spaces. Due to the importance of social components of urban neighborhoods that are in line with physical components in affecting levels of security, this research focuses on both subsets of this approach. In this way, both physical and social components of the environment would be examined. The present study tries to investigate the safety of Sanandaj's worn out neighborhoods by recognizing the environmental and social components (environmental based), in order to identify their weaknesses and strengths and try to provide optimal solutions.  The statistical population of this research is people aged between 18 and 65 years old living in Sanandaj's worn out neighborhoods. The sample size of this study was calculated using the Cochran formula and numbered 383 people. The required data was collected in a questionnaire consisting of different dimensions of first and second generations of the CPTED index. It is applied in a descriptive-analytical method based on library information and field statistics questionnaires distribution. According to the research questions and goals, various statistical analyzes have been selected. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the reliability of the research tool (questionnaire), To investigate the normality of the research variables, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used. After obtaining positive results, one-way ANOVA was used to examine differences between the physical security level in the studied neighborhoods and the differences between the CPTED factors among them. Then, using regression analysis, we measured the level of effectiveness of each of the independent variables and those with highest and lowest levels of effectiveness were identified. Then, using Tukey's test in SPSS software, we compared the average follow-up of the physical qualities affecting environmental security as well as the overall level of environmental security. Finally, using the results of the comparison of the averages, GIS software has been proposed to provide security zoning for the worn-out urban neighborhoods of Sanandaj.  Based on the analysis, there is a meaningful relationship between the physical factors assessed in the research and the crime and delinquency in the target areas. In this way, the qualitative weaknesses of the examined physical factors are effective on the occurrence of crimes and have made the inhabitants of the neighborhoods vulnerable to crime. Therefore, it can be concluded that organizing the environmental quality of public spaces has a clear effect on reducing crime and increasing the sense of security of citizens, and by applying a series of environmental and physical interventions, the crime rate was reduced. The results show that, although target neighborhoods are all in a homogeneous texture, the difference in environmental quality has led to different levels of perceived security. Ghatarchian neighborhood with variance of 2.82 and a significant level of 0.000 has the highest perceived security, and Ghalachovarlan neighborhood with variance of 2.82 and a significant level of 0.000 has the least perceived security among their residents. The results also show that activity support with a beta coefficient of 0.265 and significant value of 0.000, and natural monitoring with a beta coefficient of 0.167 and significant value of 0.000 of the first generation, and threshold capacity with a beta coefficient of 0.24 and significant value of 0.000, and community culture with a beta coefficient of 0.246 and significant value of 0.000 of the CPTED second generation are the most effective factors and they are quiet necessary to being paid more attention in order to ensuring the necessary security in selected neighborhood spaces.