An Analytical Study of the Retroactive Effect of Ending the Suspension in the Imamiyah Jurisprudence, Law of Iran and French Law

One of the significant discussions in law of contracts is the issue of time of effectiveness of the suspended thing in the period of ending the suspension. In Iranian Civil Code, fallowing the Islamic jurisprudence's example, the effect of confirmation in the unauthorized transactions is from the time of permission. However, unlike the suspension-related provisions in some countries in which the order of the issue is given explicitly, there is no regulation expressing the determination of the time of the effect of suspended thing in the aforementioned Code. In 2016 reforms, the French legislator made some changes in the terms stipulated in the former French Civil Code by presenting the issue through separating suspension in conclusion and suspension in dissolution of obligations. Considering the lack of an explicit stipulation in Iran's Civil Code and owing to the non-statement of this issue in Islamic jurisprudence, it seems necessary to study such a subject in Iranian law. Accordingly, the most important result of this article, which is conducted through a descriptive-analytic method, demonstrates that ending the suspension would have no retroactive effect.