The Role of Time Perspective and Pain Experience in Loneliness of the Elderly

Focusing on the predictors of loneliness in the elderly is a prerequisite for successful improvement of loneliness. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of time perspective and experience of pain in predicting loneliness. It was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all elderly people over 60 years old in Kermanshah in 2019. 200 elderly members of the Retirement Association were selected through convenience sampling. Zimbardo Time Scale Log (ZTPI), McGill's Revised Inventory (SF-MPQ), and Russell's Loneliness Inventory (UCLA) were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Findings indicated a negative and inverse relationship between retrospective-positive, temperamental-pleasure-seeker and the future with loneliness, and there was a positive and direct relationship between the retrospective-negative, experimental-predictive variables and loneliness (P<0/01). The results of the stepwise regression analysis showed that the components of the outlook of retrospective-negative and temperamental-predictive were the most powerful variables for predicting loneliness. Also, emotional pain could predict elderly loneliness. These findings revealed influential concepts in providing care for the elderly and it could be taken in plans and programs to decreases elderly loneliness and increase their well-being.