RNA nanotechnology breakthrough for targeted release of RNA-based drugs using cell-based aptamers

Nucleic acids play different roles besides storing information and proteins coding. For example, single-stranded nucleic acids can fold into complicated structures with capability of molecular detection, catalyzing bioreactions and therapy. The development of RNA-based therapies has been rapidly progressed in the recent years. RNA aptamers are biomolecules with a size of 10 to 50 nm that can be useful for targeted therapy and systemic release of therapeutics into the desired tissues. Aptamers can be linked to other RNA drugs and form a biohybrid RNA nanostructure. The chemical nature of the aptamers makes them attractive therapeutic agents compared to other small molecules and antibodies. In this review, we discuss different approaches related to drug targeting and release by RNA aptamers, since the importance of the aptamer-based nano-medicine is now well demonstrated and this field become a promising platform in the treatment of diseases.