Ameliorative nature of flavonoid naringin: A comprehensive review of antitoxic effects

Naringin is a flavonoid abundantly found in Citrus L. spp. with diverse applications. The present review emphasizes on the ameliorative role of naringin against hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity and cardiotoxicity. Naringin has been found to be a strong antioxidant and beneficial in inflammation cases. Its supplementation revealed a drop in pathological changes in liver, brain and kidney tissues in hyperammonemia conditions. Naringin also regulates the expressions of glutamine synthetase, neuronal nitric oxide and soluble guanylate cyclase. It also inhibits some virus activities including herpes simplex. Treatment with naringin was found to be associated with controlled serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and low-density lipoproteins. It has also been found to possess ameliorative properties against cardiac toxicity and hypertrophy. It improves myocardial fibrosis by modulating p38 and PKC-beta protein expressions. It also enhances oxidative enzyme activities and regulate the increase in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls and tumour necrosis factor-alpha concentrations. Naringin, as one of the key flavonoids, possesses enormous potential to mitigate the effects of harmful drugs. It is a robust antitoxic agent revealing resilient action against hepato-, neuro-, renal and cardio-toxicity. Naringin may be used as a strong therapeutic agent to cure disease like herpes, diabetes, alcoholism and heart failure.