The Category of Verb from Prototypical Point of View on the Basis of Givon’s Semantic Criteria: Each Verb as a Category

Prototype theory inspired by cognitive framework has offered a new definition of categories and their members. According to the prototype theory “prototypes” are the best examples of each category and are more central than the other members, while less prototypical and peripheral members show less features of the category. Givon, a functional linguist, has used prototype theory to define linguistic categories. 77 verbs have been classified into prototype, less prototype and peripheral verbs based on Givon’s semantic criteria. The verbs have been driven from “Persian core vocabulary based on Iranian children” and examples offered by Givon (2001: 52). Moreover, the authors of the present study have attempted to draw spatial images of verbs by means of giving numerical values to each criterion. This method gives a holistic picture of each verb based on semantic criteria. Thus, different prototypical verbs can be compared with each other in a more concrete way. Finally, various spatial drawings of verb “give” as a prototype verb in different contexts have been presented. The comparisons of spatial drawings of “give” showed that a verb cannot be called absolutely prototype, because the status of a verb in each criteria is determined by its participants. The consequence is that each verb is a category by itself with infinite members. The members are the contexts in which a verb appears and “participants” are the ones which in each criterion close a verb to prototype or not.