Optical brighteners are colorless organic compounds that, with fluorescent mechanism, absorb the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation and emit it at a higher wavelength (blue area of the visible spectrum). The use of optical brightener agents in small quantities can improve the reflective properties of the fabric in the visible spectrum, providing a perceptible white appearance as real white for a clean and pleasant appearance of textile. The widespread use of optical brightener agents in other industries such as detergents, cosmetics, paper, printing, coatings, etc. has made these materials an undeniable role in everyday life. The performance of these materials, like other colorants, is affected by various factors. These materials are often based on stilbene, coumarin, pyrazoline, naphthalimide and naphthoxazoline, giving different applications and affinities to different fibers. Therefore, due to the high commercial importance of these materials, investigation of bleaching mechanism, chemical structures as well as their potential hazards is necessary and always discussed. This article aims to identify more about fluorescent brighteners in the textile industry in terms of performance and classification, application and properties, factors affecting efficiency, commercial market and finally environmental impacts of them.
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