A Search on the Role of Urban Security in Passive DefenseCase study: Shiraz Metropolis

Security involves two critical elements: threat and opportunity. Establishing security necessitates freedom of threat and optimum exploitation of opportunities. Moreover, passive defense is discussed alongside saving lives of others, giving security, protecting the territorial integrity and national government in any moment against any situation, condition and invasion to defend the city against any kind of threat. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of urban security in passive defense of Shiraz. Using Delphi method, a questionnaire was prepared and then answered by 30 experts. In order to analyze the statistics, SPSS software was used and the statistical analysis of data was done descriptively and analytically. According to the data, the following factors are respectively the affective factors on improving the passive defense of Shiraz: safety and security (18.5%), environmental and physical aspects (4%), social and cultural aspects (2%) and economic aspects (0.9%). Also, the indices of passive defense and urban security had a significance level of 0.000 which shows there is a significant relationship between indices of passive defense and security.
Extended Abstract

          Security has visual and mental aspects. The visual aspect is related to the statistics of crime commission and shows the degree of security in the environment (Jafari Shams Abadi & Marofi, 2018:121). From conceptual point of view, protection against intrusion and seizure is without consent and it means that people have no fear or panic in terms of their legal rights and freedoms and their rights are not at risk and nothing threatens their legal rights (Richard, 1999: 8). Also, as systemic attitude to phenomena is done by considering the whole phenomena and mixed attitude is done by comparative and inductive methods, both the totality of phenomena and the relation between the components are taken into consideration (Darwishi, 2016: 1). Security (total) aims to protect the rare values of humans or societies (human and natural risks) regardless of being mental or visual (an attitude mixed of comparative and inductive methods) and it is regarded as the most important motivation of human and is based on the nature of human which has an inseparable link (Mottaghi, 2015: 558).
       What is so important today in urban system is the ability of this system to be internally flexible and to use the principles and rules of passive defense and to meet the external needs of the system and this necessitates urban designers and planners who are aware of these issues to make a healthy city. With regards to the increase of costs and complexities of projects in one hand, and the increase of uncertainty and risks on the other hand, the project managers have decided to use risk management in their plans and project controls to reduce the risk taking and deviation of the project form its objectives (Modiri et all, 2017: 165). Defense includes two types of passive and active (Akhbari & Ahmadi Moghaddam, 2014: 38) This study investigates the passive defense which is one of the most important approaches and strategies in urban risk management and have always been taken into consideration in urban residence management and planning.  The actions in passive defense system are considered by taking a look at the present political structure and atmosphere to increase the power and authority of the system and reduce the physical and human vulnerability against possible invasions. Passive defense refers to the actions which do not need special weaponry (Hosseini Amini, 2017: 281).

       urban security and passive defense are among specialized issues in Shiraz, the present study includes a statistical population of 30 experts in the realm of urban development and architecture. Selection method was used to choose the samples and criteria and variables include: 1) urban security (urban infra structures, environmental design, life quality, legal organizations' functions, physical environment influences, population growth or reduction), and 2) passive defense. In the next step, Cronbach's alpha was used to specify the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, the Cronbach's alpha in the reliability test was 93% which is more than 0.82, then the SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Data analysis was done in two descriptive and analytic ways. In the analytic phase, with regards to the type of data and the possibility to use parametric tests in this study, Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to find the significant relationship between indices of urban security and passive defense. Stepwise regression test was used to investigate the indices of passive defense and urban security and the influences of factors (security and safety, social and cultural aspects, environmental and physical aspects and economic aspects) which lead to development of passive defense in shiraz.

       In order to get exact and practical results, shiraz city was chosen for this analysis. According to the results, it can be mentioned that safety and security had the most influence in improvement of passive defense in Shiraz with 18.5% of influence; after that, environmental and physical aspect, cultural and social aspects and economic aspect had respectively the most effect on improvement of passive defense with 4%, 2% and 0.9% of influence, respectively. In order to evaluate the internal relationship between the two indices, security and passive defense, Pearson correlation coefficient test was used. According to table 5, the significance level between security and passive defense was lower than 0.05 which shows that there is a significant relationship between these two indices and the results of the study have no contradiction with the above mentioned theoretical foundations; so it can be said that passive defense affects security.

 there are some strategic suggestions based on the indices of passive defense:
Designing a system to notify and quench the fire in gas and CNG stations in Shiraz,
Studying and reducing the risks of dams neighboring Shiraz,
Planning the studies to strengthen the bazaar in Shiraz,
Planning the studies to strengthen the residential buildings of worn texture in Shiraz,
Studying the comprehensive plan to make Shiraz more safety against eartchquake, flood, fire and explosion,
Studying and providing some plans to strengthen the buildings to reduce the risks of earthquake,
Designing a system to notify and quench the fire in central building of National Iranian Gas Company in shiraz,
Studying the rivers and watercourses of Shiraz to prevent the flood.