The interest in cellulose and its derivatives has been exponentially increasing due to its excellent thermal stability, biocompatibility, chemical persistence and biodegradability. Among various cellulose derivatives, cellulose acetate (CA) has been applied in many applications including sensor systems, drug delivery systems, separation membrane, and tissue engineering. Recently, the electrospun nanofibers have been employed and have gotten more attention in the biotechnology and the biomedical applications. In this case, Electrospinning methods widely used to fabricate and generate novel nanomaterials along with the well-aligned structure of electrospun nanofibers. Electrospinning has emerged as a powerful method to produce nanofibrous assemblies from a variety of polymers and composites including CA fibers. These fibers obtained from this method were applied in biomedical applications specially for sensing process in the medical diagnostic kit. In this review article, the recent progress and development of electrospun CA fibers and nanofibers and also their nanocomposites for advanced sensing systems are presented. Several sensors and biosensors including optical/colorimetric, and electrochemical-based on CA are discussed in this study.